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Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
To protect their precious and relatively large eyes, the eyes of raptors are surrounded by bone, to both protect the eye and fix it within the skull. Therefore, birds of prey can’t move their eyes, must move the entire head to look left and right, up or down. They are equipped with flexible necks and are able to turn their heads a lot more than humans can. In addition, peregrine and other raptor eyes are equipped with three eyelids. Two of their eyelids move up and down to close their eyes, like in humans. The third eyelid is known as a nictitating membrane, and this is the eyelid they use to blink with. The nictitating membrane (from Latin nictare, to blink) is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and to moisten it while maintaining vision. It is a thin, semitransparent lid, which moves from side to side. When closed, it also helps to protect the bird’s eyes but still allows some vision. Raptors close their nictitating membrane before they approach their prey, when in a fast dive, during heavy rain, and even when feeding their chicks. When peregrine falcons go into their high-speed dives, they will blink repeatedly with their nictitating membranes to spread moisture across the eyes and to clear the eye from debris.
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Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
To protect their precious and relatively large eyes, the eyes of raptors are surrounded by bone, to both protect the eye and fix it within the skull. Therefore, birds of prey can’t move their eyes, must move the entire head to look left and right, up or down. They are equipped with flexible necks and are able to turn their heads a lot more than humans can. In addition, peregrine and other raptor eyes are equipped with three eyelids. Two of their eyelids move up and down to close their eyes, like in humans. The third eyelid is known as a nictitating membrane, and this is the eyelid they use to blink with. The nictitating membrane (from Latin nictare, to blink) is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and to moisten it while maintaining vision. It is a thin, semitransparent lid, which moves from side to side. When closed, it also helps to protect the bird’s eyes but still allows some vision. Raptors close their nictitating membrane before they approach their prey, when in a fast dive, during heavy rain, and even when feeding their chicks. When peregrine falcons go into their high-speed dives, they will blink repeatedly with their nictitating membranes to spread moisture across the eyes and to clear the eye from debris.
Sustained bimatoprost release using gold nanoparticles laden contact lenses
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Qiong Li, Cheng Ma, Yingpeng Ma, Yiping Ma, Yan Mao, Zelan Meng
In vivo drug release studies were performed in the rabbit model to investigate the amount of bimatoprost released from the conventional soaked contact lens (SM-L, drug loading = 39.8 µg) and selected GNP-laden contact lens (0.3 mM-GN-L, drug loading = 67.7 µg) and compared with 0.03% (w/v) bimatoprost eye drop solution (1 drop = 15 µg, Lumigan® by Allergan) [42]. The contact lenses were placed individually on the right eye of the rabbits (n = 6 for each group) without local anesthesia under the nictitating membrane. One drop of bimatoprost eye drop solution was also instilled in the right eye of the rabbits. The left eye was kept as control in all groups. At predetermined time intervals, the tear fluid (5 µL) samples were collected from the lower conjunctival sac using a disposable glass capillary and preserved at −20 °C until further analysis. The tear fluid samples collected in the Eppendorf tubes were treated with methanol to precipitate the proteins. The sample Eppendorf tubes were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 0.5 h and the collected supernatant was analyzed for bimatoprost content using HPLC. The Cmax, tmax, area under the curve, and mean residence time were calculated from the graph of the concentration of bimatoprost in the tear fluid versus time.
Hyaluronic acid and graphene oxide loaded silicon contact lens for corneal epithelial healing
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Chao Huang, Xin Zhang, Yanchun Li, Xiaolan Yang
To investigate the improvement in the HA retention time, the in vivo studies were performed on rabbit model using HA-GO-SM-2 soaked contact lenses (cumulative release =12.4 ± 1.3 µg) and direct HA-GO-DL-2 laden contact lenses (cumulative release = 10.9 ± 2.2 µg) in comparison to 0.1% w/v HA eye drop solution (1 drop = 50 µg HA) [31, 37, 38]. After acclimatization of the rabbits, the contact lenses were placed on the rabbit cornea below the nictitating membrane (n = 6, left eye control) for 3 days. In case of eye drop solution, one drop (≈ 50 µg) was instilled on the right eye of rabbits (n = 6). The tear fluid (5 µL) sample was collected at regular time intervals from the cul de sac using glass capillary and treated with 1 ml of methanol for protein precipitation, followed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm (1 h). The supernatant was collected and quantified for HA by colorimetric method.