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Biomechanical Modeling of Muscular Contraction
Published in Yuehong Yin, Biomechanical Principles on Force Generation and Control of Skeletal Muscle and their Applications in Robotic Exoskeleton, 2020
In effect, Eq. (23) describes the evolution process of the single-motor mean displacement with time. In cross-bridge model, Huxley assumed that the contractile force of sarcomere comes from the neck stiffness km of the motor, which would produce force when a deformation of x is imposed at the attached state. Thus, the force produced by the active element (FAE) can be denoted as FAE=G(L)N0(1R∫RP(x,t)(kmx)dx),
Introduction
Published in Jeanne Moldenhauer, Disinfection and Decontamination, 2018
Fieldbrook Foods Corporation of Dunkirk, New York, issued a voluntary recall of 20 cases of the Tops brand of Orange Cream Bars and 320 cases of the Meijer Purple Cow brand Orange Cream Bars due to the possibility that the product may be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Consumption of food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes can cause listeriosis, with high fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, and nausea as its primary symptoms. In rare cases, listeriosis is fatal; it can also cause miscarriages and stillbirths. Pregnant women, the very young, elderly, and persons with compromised immune systems are the most susceptible. (FDA, 2018a).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Exposures to coumaphos cause signs of poisoning such as diarrhea, drooling, difficulty in breathing, leg and neck stiffness among occupational workers. Acute inhalation of couma-phos causes headaches, dizziness, and incoordination. Moderate poisoning causes muscle twitching and vomiting while severe poisoning leads to fever, toxic psychosis, lung edema, and high blood pressure. Repeated exposures cause irritability, confusion, headache, speech difficulties, effects on memory concentration, disorientation, severe depressions, sleepwalking, and drowsiness or insomnia among occupational workers. Coumaphos has been classified as non-carcinogenic to humans.
Modelling head injury due to unmanned aircraft systems collision: Crash dummy vs human body
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2022
Borrdephong Rattanagraikanakorn, Michiel Schuurman, Derek I. Gransden, Riender Happee, Christophe De Wagter, Alexei Sharpanskykh, Henk A.P Blom
It should be noted that the human neck stiffness and load-bearing characteristics change dramatically when spinal curvature is included [24]. Such curvature shifts the load path of the centre of the thoracic spine by more than 1 cm, resulting in less force transferred directly towards the thorax. Without neck curvature under vertical load condition, the Hybrid III neck becomes stiffer than the human spine, and load is transferred more directly to the thorax. In addition, with small vertebrae in the human body, translational motion between inter-vertebral disc is possible and allow neck compliance in all direction. The effect of this can be seen in elevated impact (impact cases 4, 5, and 6) where the human body head has a combination of both rotational and translational motions. A related effect is found when the UAS flies horizontally and approaches the head from the side (impact case 2). The head translational motions are different as well as the direction of head rotation about the Z-axis. This results in the estimation of neck moments to have an opposite sign between the two models.
Importance of intervertebral displacement for whiplash investigations
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2020
Roman Bumberger, Memis Acar, Kaddour Bouazza-Marouf
Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD) is a general term used to describe minor injuries to the neck, mostly as a result of a rear-end motor vehicle collision. There is a wide range of medical conditions and symptoms for WAD, most typical are dizziness, neck pain and neck stiffness (especially in the posterior area), blurred vision, tenderness over the neck muscles, reduced and painful neck movements, headaches (often in the occipital region), shoulder pain, concentration difficulties and others [1–5]. Although these symptoms are minor, the long-term symptoms to the occupants result in high costs to the economy, to healthcare services and to individuals [6]. Furthermore, whiplash injuries are difficult to detect since diagnostic tools such as X-Rays, Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans are not able to identify the location or the extent of the injury [7]. Also the injury mechanisms are not fully understood; WAD may be a combination of several injury types in the neck, such as in muscles, ligaments, facet joints, intervertebral discs or nerve tissues [8].
Sex and age differences in head acceleration during purposeful soccer heading
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2018
Jaclyn B. Caccese, Thomas A. Buckley, Ryan T. Tierney, William C. Rose, Joseph J. Glutting, Thomas W. Kaminski
Low head–neck segment mass predisposes athletes to high head acceleration, but head–neck–torso alignment during heading and follow-through after contact can be used to decrease head acceleration (Caccese & Kaminski, 2016). Additionally, improvements in symmetric neck flexor and extensor strength and neuromuscular neck stiffness can decrease head acceleration (Caccese & Kaminski, 2016). Sex differences have been observed in head–neck segment mass, cervical strength and neck girth, a surrogate for neck stiffness, whereby female athletes have lower head–neck segment mass, cervical strength and neck girth (Bretzin, Mansell, Tierney, & McDevitt, 2016; Tierney et al., 2008, 2005). Collegiate female soccer players also experienced higher linear acceleration (Tierney et al., 2005) and rotational velocity (Bretzin et al., 2016) during controlled head impact, although other studies have observed no significant differences in head impact severity between male and female collegiate soccer players during soccer heading (Reynolds et al., 2017; Tierney et al., 2008). The majority of research on sex differences in soccer heading have been limited to collegiate participants, but today, there are over three million male and female athletes registered with US Youth Soccer.