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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
Examples of signs and symptoms reported in humans exposed to neurotoxicants:Sensory changes – changes in smell, vision, taste, hearing, balance, proprioception (position of body in relation to outside world and state of contraction of muscles), feeling, pain;Motor weakness – decreased strength of muscles, in coordination or ataxia (unsteady gait) – speech defects, abnormal movements (myoclonus, fasciculations), behavioural seizures, hypermotor or hypomotor activity, Parkinsonism symptoms – tremor, rigidity, poverty of spontaneous movements;Sensorimotor – paraesthesia, numbness in feet, pain in soles, muscle weakness similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome;Autonomic – body temperature changes, ‘cholinergic crisis’, changes in size of pupils (miosis-constricted, mydriasis-dilated);Cognitive – learning, memory deficits;Sensorium – hallucinations, delusions, apathy, stupor, coma.
The Diagnosis Of Epilepsy
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Myoclonus seizures are abrupt, brief, involuntary jerks which can involve the whole body, or just part of it, such as the arms or the head. Myoclonus is not necessarily epileptic and can occur from brainstem and spinal pathology. In addition, physiological myoclonic phenomena also occur in healthy people, particularly when they are just going off to sleep (hypnic jerk). Myoclonus also occurs in the context of a seizure disorder. In primary generalized epilepsy, myoclonic jerks occur most commonly in the morning, shortly after waking. They vary in severity from barely perceptible jerks to falls. They also occur in devastating epilepsies (such as the progressive myoclonic epilepsies) with associated cognitive decline and other neurological symptoms.
Applications of Machine Learning Classifiers in Epileptic Seizure Detection
Published in Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza, Jorge de J. Lozoya-Santos, Ricardo Zavala-Yoé, Luz María Alonso-Valerdi, Ruben Morales-Menendez, Belinda Carrión, Pedro Ponce Cruz, Hugo G. Gonzalez-Hernandez, Biometry, 2022
Mohammad Kubeb Siddiqui, Ruben Morales-Menendez
They include four types of seizures - myoclonic, clonic, tonic, and tonic-clonic. Myoclonic seizure: A segment of the patient’s body suddenly contracts. The name Myoclonus is a Greek word meaning muscle, and klonus refers to confusion, because this is where muscle contraction and relaxation occur [551].Clonic seizure: Clonus (KLOH-nus) refers to muscle contraction and relaxation in a rapid manner or repeated jerks. It is very similar to myoclonic, but contraction and relaxation are slower. It can be diagnosed at any age, from infancy to old age. The movements cannot be stopped by restricting or repositioning the arms or legs [5].Tonic seizure: Patients’ muscles stiffen while the seizure occurs. This random contraction of the trunk and face muscles is accompanied by stretching, and the patient maintains [5, 455] consciousness. It occurs mainly during sleeping hours, and in this, all or most of the brain is affected. The duration of these seizures is less than 20 seconds. After this seizure, the patient may or may not be dizzy or confused.Tonic-clonic seizure: It is known as grand mal epilepsy [205]. Both electro-graphic and clinical events simultaneously involved bilateral brain networks. The parts of the patient’s body begin to shake uncontrollably. During this time, your tongue is bitten by the teeth, shortness of breath occurs, among other effects. The patient feels confused for a short time facing problems identifying friends and family. After the seizure, the patient feels a headache, vomits, and needs deep sleep. The tonic-clonic seizure lasts between one and two minutes, but the patient may not regain consciousness for 10 to 15 minutes [205].Generalized non-convulsive seizures
A clustering based variable sub-window approach using particle swarm optimisation for biomedical sensor data monitoring
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2021
Kun Lan, Simon Fong, Lian-Sheng Liu, Raymond K. Wong, Nilanjan Dey, Richard C. Millham, Kelvin K.L. Wong
Electromyography (EMG) is generated with multiple skeletal muscle behaviours of needle electrodes for evaluating the kinesiological performance of movement disorders, tremors, myoclonus, dystonia, posture disturbances and reaction time. Its amplitude range is from 0.10 to 5.00 mV, which is very like ECG but has a remarkable characteristic of a higher order of magnitude of energy frequency range extended from 0 to 10,000 Hz than any one of EEG or ECG. There are also some limitations in EMG making it more sensitive than both EEG and ECG, such as voluntary muscle activity will cause less informative results when the tester is unwilling or unable to cooperate subjectively, or the unreliable signals can be acquired by involuntary muscle cross impaction, different adipose tissue density and compliant skin surfaces.