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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Diagnosis with Conventional, Molecular Probe, and Nanobiosensing Techniques
Published in V. R. Remya, H. Akhina, Oluwatobi Samuel Oluwafemi, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Nanostructured Smart Materials, 2022
Deepak V. Sawant, Shivaji H. Pawar
Quantum dots (QDs) are very tiny nanoparticles normally size is less than 10 nanometers. The small size and shape renders their electronic and optical features. The light radiate ability of QDs nanoparticles has precise wavelength with high absorption of light, more photostability, and narrow equal transmission bands with control of 3 D responses [52]. The physical and optical property making them biocompatible. Functionalization of QDs with a wide range of biomolecules made them eligible for imaging, diagnostic, and therapeutic purpose by Gao et al. and Liandris et al. formulated a methodology to detect pathogenic TB using functionalized QDs with immune magnetic separation [53]. In this study, QDs is functionalized with streptavidin and coupled with Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) to detect the surface antigen of mycobacterium species [54]. In aspect, QDs have now been used in a large number of medical applications, including studies of protein trafficking, DNA biosensor assay, and dynamic studies of cell mobility by Zrazhevskiy et al. [55]. Rotem and his co-workers reported the use of QDs for the revealing of infectious bacteria. Newly QDs have been used for the recognition and imaging of respiratory infectious diseases for pulmonary TB. Ghazali and co-workers established and assessed a detection to analyze specific DNA sequences combining fluorescent semiconductor QDs with MNp beads allowing for a firm diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex [56].
Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases
Published in Sarwar Beg, Mahfoozur Rahman, Md. Abul Barkat, Farhan J. Ahmad, Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Disease, 2019
Brahmeshwar Mishra, Sundeep Chaurasia
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that occurs worldwide. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Most diseases are caused by M. tuberculosis (M. TB). TB is currently the second most deadly infectious disease in the world (WHO, 2016). The Czech Republic is among the countries that have effectively controlled TB, and the incidence of this disease is still declining. In 2014, a total of 512 cases of TB of all forms and localizations as well as their recurrence (4.9 patients/100,000) were reported to the TB registry. TB is clinically manifested by fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, decreased physical performance, sub febrile night sweats, and a dry or productive cough, possibly with hemoptysis, dyspnea, and pleural pain. However, the clinical course of TB in some cases can be without symptoms (Kolek et al., 2014).
A Survey of Recent Nanotechnology-Related Patents for Treatment of Tuberculosis
Published in Chetan Keswani, Intellectual Property Issues in Nanotechnology, 2020
Tanmayee Nayak, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Lav Kumar Jaiswal, Ankush Gupta, Juhi Singh
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases caused by bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This causative agent of TB is known as one of the most successful pathogens capable of thriving in its host for a long time period without causing the active disease. In 1882, Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the causative agent of TB. Although the pathogen primarily attacks the pulmonary system, the disease can spread through almost any part of the body. The symptoms of active TB include chronic cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss, and can be lethal if left untreated. TB spreads through the contaminants from active TB patients through air droplets released from coughs or sneezes. However, people with latent TB do not spread the infection. People more susceptible to active infection are those with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, and those who smoke (Nanotechnology-Based Approach in Tuberculosis Treatment, Cooper, 2009) Globally, TB is one of the main causes of mortality. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one-third of the world’s population is affected by M. tuberculosis (Mtb), creating approximately 9 million new cases and deaths of 2 million yearly while the remainder of the population is unaffected (World Health Organization, 2013a). By mortality rate, TB comes second after AIDS among infectious diseases. Therefore, in 1993, TB was declared a global health emergency by the WHO; there are several challenges in the field of treatment of the disease. The critical problem with chemotherapy is the development of a resistant strain of the pathogen against the drugs (Lienhardt et al., 2012). Apart from this, with drugs are taken intravenously or orally, most of the drug molecules do not reach the target as it is distributed through the whole body via the circulatory system creating adverse side effects (Greenblatt, 1985).
Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in environmental substrates from three dairy farms in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Athini Ntloko, Martins Ajibade Adefisoye, Ezekiel Green
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by a consortium of closely-associated bacteria, referred to as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or MTBC (Sharma et al. 2016). The classification of the bacterial strains within the complex has been made difficult due to taxonomic and nomenclature changes. However, Riojas et al. (2018) have recently suggested that the various MTBC strains within the complex should rather be described as variants of MTBC based on the genetic relatedness of these strains, which largely exceeds the respective species declination threshold. The World Health Organisation (WHO) ranked TB as one of the first ten global causes of death, with an estimated 10.4 million individuals falling ill with TB in 2016 alone, while about 1.7 million people, including 0.4 million individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) died of the disease. More than 95% of TB-associated deaths are recorded in low-income and middle-income countries, with China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines and South Africa accounting for about 64% of the total death cases (WHO 2018).