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Antibiotic Resistance
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, I. R. Iroha, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu
The widespread usage of antibiotics in food-animal production as growth-promotion and infection-control agents, for example, allows resistant strains of microbes to proliferate within the intestinal systems of these animals. Subsequent contamination of the environment with animal wastes containing resistant bacteria, in turn, becomes a major route through which human populations become infected by such resistant or multidrug-resistant bacteria. Once humans acquire antibiotic-resistant bacteria, either through ingestion of food animals or products contaminated with resistant bacteria or misuse of antibiotics by the humans, spread of the resistant strains continues through poor hygiene and unsanitary environmental conditions. Environmental microorganisms including Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa represent the most relevant reservoir of resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents in the community; and this is due in part to their ability to acquire and incorporate into their genome antibiotic resistance genes from their environment. The resistant strains are also spread between the community and hospital environments as humans move to and from these environments.
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Organelle Separation
Published in Nguyễn T. K. Thanh, Clinical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles, 2018
Mari Takahashi, Shinya Maenosono
Infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) are one of the most serious problems in medicine worldwide. Because MDRB are highly resistant to most commonly used antibiotics, there is an urgent demand for new medical treatments for MDRB-related infectious diseases. Fan et al.5 demonstrated that magnetic iron core–plasmonic gold shell nanoparticles can be utilized for removal and killing of MDR Salmonella by magnetic separation and photothermal destruction. M3038 antibodies, which are specific for Salmonella DT104, were conjugated onto the core–shell nanoparticles. Salmonella DT104 was incubated with the M3038-conjugated nanoparticles, and the Salmonella-attached nanoparticles were magnetically separated using a bar magnet. They further showed that detection of Salmonella became possible by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) through the formation of a huge number of ‘hot spots’ by aggregation of magnetic–plasmonic core@shell nanoparticles.
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, and Streptomycin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Antibiotics can eliminate or inhibit the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms and are used in the treatment of external or internal infections. Although certain antibiotics are developed by microorganisms, most of them are now formulated synthetically. Antibiotic misuse, also referred to as antibiotic neglect or overuse of antibiotics, is a severe concern. Misuse or overuse of antibiotics creates severe health effects. This leads to the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which can have tolerance to several antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections. Therefore, awareness is important in order to avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics.
Antibiotic degradation and mineralization: efficiency increase on combining different chemical treatment processes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Aline Dal Conti-Lampert, Renan C. Testolin, Cleder A. Somensi, Gizelle I. Almerindo, Theodoro M. Wagner, Otto M. S. Gerlach, Eric Sanches-Simões, Rafael Ariente-Neto, Sergio Y. G. González, Claudemir M. Radetski
Studies on the risks that antibiotic residues and the genetic material of multidrug-resistant bacteria can pose to public health clearly demonstrate that the impact of these residues has the potential to allow the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This will translate into an increase in infections by these organisms, leading to a greater number of deaths, given the difficulties associated with combating these organisms using the antimicrobial arsenal available.[7,12–15] Scenarios resulting from the impact of these wastes on the microbiological balance of natural environments are well recorded. Microorganisms which are resistant to antimicrobials, for instance, can dominate natural environments through the well-known process of selective pressure.[16–19]
Facile preparation of nanomicelles using polymyxin E for enhanced antitumor effects
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Xifa Lan, Quanling Guo, Zhiwei Liu, Kai Liu, Jinfeng He, Ruyu Li, Haotian Sun, Wenxiu Yao, Longgang Wang
Natural peptides have fixed molecular weight and can be isolated from living organisms without complex synthetic process. Most of natural peptides have high biocompatibility and biodegradability due to the presence of enzyme in vivo [21,22]. Polymyxin E (PE) is a kind of antibiotics to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria [23]. PE is a kind of cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics and against Gram-negative bacteria [24]. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria has many polyanionic lipopolysaccharides which regulate the permeability of their outer membrane. The PE has high affinity with polyanionic lipopolysaccharides [25]. PE has a heptapeptide macrocycle, an exocyclic tripeptide, and an acyl tail [26–28]. Thus, PE has amphipathic structure [28], and should assemble into PE micelles in solution, which may be used for delivery the hydrophobic drug molecules.
Plant mediated synthesis of AgNPs and its applications: an overview
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Aswathi Shyam, Smitha Chandran S., Bini George, Sreelekha E.
Antimicrobial studies are done by disk diffusion methods. S. enterica and S. aureus are the two multidrug resistant bacteria chosen for the antimicrobial activity study of the AgNPs, synthesized by using S. grandiflora leaf extract. For the T. purpurea synthesized AgNPs, the antimicrobial test is done for several pathogens namely, the gram positive Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. and the gram negative Pseudomonas spp. and Escherichia coli. The fungus species selected for the study are Penicillium spp., Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger. MC AgNPs are tested against gram positive Enterococcus sp., B. cereus, and gram negative P. aueroginosa, E. coli, E. aerogens, K. pneumoniae.