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Deep Learning for Retinal Analysis
Published in Ervin Sejdić, Tiago H. Falk, Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Biomedical Big Data, 2018
Henry A. Leopold, John S. Zelek, Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
The visual cortex (V1) is the main area of the brain responsible for processing visual inputs received by the retina. Specifically, light stimulates the retina, which transmits the information via electrical impulse through the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and then to the V1. Here, we consider the retina and V1 to be the main areas of interest, with everything in between simplified to a single data pipeline. The V1 is integrated with other areas of the brain including higher brain areas such as V2, V3, middle temporal Gyrus, etc., which are responsible for memory, association with other senses, and additional transformations/processes via a complex network of layered neurons. For our purposes, we consider the inferotemporal cortex (IT) to be the brain region responsible for memory as it bares the closest resemblance to the decision layers within neural networks, as shown in Figure 17.3. Studies into the function of simple cortical cells in the V1 uncovered a curious duality in their operation, which could be modelled mathematically. The cells’ response to visual stimuli is able to be described as a simultaneous combination of spatial domain and spatial-frequency domain representations; this is a fundamental property for many variations of Gaussian kernel functions and most notably Gabor functions, due proximity of function with established V1 models [22].
Therapeutic Monitoring of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using fNIRS Assessment
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
To date, there are only two fMRI studies that have performed MPH-related neuropharmacological assessments of ADHD children during attention tasks, both utilizing a double-blind, placebo-controlled design (Rubia et al. 2009, Shafritz et al. 2004). They investigated the neural correlates for the effects of MPH associated with selective and divided attention for 15 adolescents with ADHD (ages 14–17) and 14 healthy comparison subjects (ages 12–20) without MPH administration. The divided attention task evoked significantly less activation in the left ventral basal ganglia and the middle temporal gyrus in unmedicated ADHD subjects than in the healthy comparison subjects. Administration of MPH to ADHD subjects normalized activation of the left ventral basal ganglia, while no effect was observed for the middle temporal gyrus. Rubia examined the effects of MPH on medication-naïve children with ADHD during a continuous performance task, enrolling 13 right-handed male adolescent boys (10–15 years) (Rubia et al. 2009). Under the placebo condition, ADHD children exhibited reduced activation and functional interconnectivity in the bilateral fronto-striato-parieto-cerebellar networks, which were normalized upon medication with MPH. However, the participants of these fMRI studies have been limited to adolescents over 10 years old. To establish early diagnosis for elementary school-age children, introduction of fNIRS diagnosis focusing on attentional function would be beneficial.
Multimodality in brain imaging: Methodological aspects and applications
Published in João Manuel, R. S. Tavares, R. M. Natal Jorge, Computational Modelling of Objects Represented in Images, 2018
S.I. Gonçalves, J.C. Munck, F.H. Lopes Silva
For subject 5, only positive correlations were found in the superior frontal gyrus. In addition, smaller regions negatively correlated to alpha are observed in the vicinity of the pre- and post-central gyrus and also in the superior and middle temporal gyrus. However, in the case of subject 6, for whom only positive correlations were found, these were located in the cortex, namely in the orbitofrontal gyri, precuneus and postcentral gyrus and superior and middle temporal gyrus.
Human, Do You Think This Painting is the Work of a Real Artist?
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Jeongeun Park, Hyunmin Kang, Ha Young Kim
This process can also be applied when people determine the authenticity of artworks. When people perform the task of judging authenticity, they intensively search for clues that can be judged to be fake and try to obtain confirmatory evidence. According to Huang et al. (2011), who studied brain activity when people viewed Rembrandt’s paintings, activation appeared in the right middle temporal gyrus (which is related to working memory) when people looked at a painting after they heard it was a fake. They stated that participants tried to find flaws in the picture when viewing a potentially fake picture and actively gathered information about the visual content using working memory to determine its authenticity.
Working memory network plasticity after exercise intervention detected by task and resting-state functional MRI
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Lina Zhu, Xuan Xiong, Xiaoxiao Dong, Yi Zhao, Adam Kawczyński, Aiguo Chen, Wei Wang
The results we obtained from the task-fMRI analysis suggested that WM performance improvements were attributable to the higher activation in the left HIP. We then examined the left HIP-based voxel-wise connectivity in the whole brain. The following regions showed a significant group-by-time interaction: left cerebellum posterior lobe, right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), left lingual gyrus, left STG, and left MFG (see Table 3 and Figure 6).
Effective connectivity inference in the whole-brain network by using rDCM method for investigating the distinction between emotional states in fMRI data
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Naemeh Farahani, Shabnam Ghahari, Emad Fatemizadeh, Ali Motie Nasrabadi
Our results are consistent with the findings of previous studies (Purves et al. 2012, 2017; Nguyen et al. 2016; Seok and Cheong 2019; Pugh et al. 2021; Jamieson et al. 2021). In anger emotion, we found an increasing effective connection from insular cortex to superior temporal gyrus (posterior division) which is compatible with previous findings (Mazzola et al. 2016; Seok and Cheong 2019). The insular cortex is associated with consciousness and plays an important role in the experience of pain and several basic emotions, such as anger, fear, happiness, and sadness (Bushara et al. 2001, 2003; Wager 2002). Anatomically, the insular cortex can integrate the information about body states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes (Craig 2002). In happiness, the connection from the Occipital pole to temporal occipital fusiform cortex was found that had been stated in another study (Fairhall and Ishai 2006). Farahani et al. (2019) expressed that the most connections in emotions of anger, fear, happiness, love, and sadness were related to the connections between the planum temporale and middle temporal gyrus (posterior division), heschl’s gyrus and superior temporal gyrus (posterior division), inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis) and insular cortex, insular cortex and left hippocampus, and from insular cortex to inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis) and planum temporale to insular cortex. They found the highest number of significant distinctions in the coupling between regions, in the happiness-anger, happiness-love, and happiness-fear. Also, in the regions receiving the input, they revealed the highest number of distinctions in fear-love, fear-sadness, and happiness-sadness. Overall, our findings are somewhat consistent with their results. It is worth mentioning, there were differences in some connections compared to previous studies, which could be due to the different functioning of the brain as a large-scale network, and also the type of auditory stimulation that is associated with human life and makes people empathise with the movie.