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Pulmonary complications of solid-organ transplantation
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Infections due to the community respiratory viruses influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common in the general population, typically presenting as mild, self-limited upper respiratory tract illnesses. It is unclear whether the risk of acquiring these viral infections is increased among solid-organ transplant recipients, but there is a greater propensity for these pathogens to involve the lower respiratory tract and, therefore, to result in a more severe spectrum of illness. Of the various organ transplant populations, the highest rates of infection have been reported in lung transplant recipients, up to 21 per cent of whom develop respiratory viral infections.25,26 Lung transplant recipients appear to be particularly predisposed to a newly recognized community viral pathogen, human meta-pneumovirus. In one recent series of lung transplant recipients presenting with signs and symptoms of a viral respiratory tract infection, human metapneumovirus was the most common agent identified, accounting for one-third of all cases in which a viral aetiology could be defined.27
Atmospheric environment and severe acute respiratory infections in Nanjing, China, 2018–2019
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Kang-Jun Wu, Xiao-Qing Wu, Lei Hong
SARI accounts for a huge disease burden globally, with 1.19–1.64 million cases of infants and children (<5 years old) admitted to hospitals for severe acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) worldwide in 2010 (Nair et al. 2013). The etiology of SARI consists of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), adenovirus (AdV), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), and Haemophilus influenzae (Hi). All types of SARI-associated pathogens show high prevalence worldwide. The annual number of cases of infants and children with RSV-associated acute lower respiratory infection (RSV-ALRI) ranges from 1970 to 48,010 in various countries, with hospitalization rates of 33.9–86.6% (Li et al. 2021). The number of inpatients with RSV-ALRI in the elderly population (≥65 years) was 186,000–614,000 in 2015 worldwide (Shi et al. 2020). Globally, 425,000–977,000 infant and child hospitalizations were attributed to hMPV-ALRI in 2018 (Wang et al. 2021). For IV-ALRI, the annual number of infant and child hospitalizations globally is 543,000–1,415,000 (Wang et al. 2020). Prior to 2011, there was no uniform standard for SARI case surveillance globally. With the outbreak of acute infectious diseases in recent years (e.g. influenza A, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019), the World Health Organization has repeatedly advocated for enhanced surveillance of SARI cases to monitor the global epidemic of influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases (Fitzner et al. 2018; WHO 2019, 2020).
An update on COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, immunopathology, and BCG vaccination
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Shankar M. Khade, Shivraj M. Yabaji, Jyoti Srivastava
In late 2019, the second wave of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) has emerged from Wuhan city of China caused by a novel strain of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) called COVID-19, which later became pandemic. A similar kind of SARS-CoV outbreak observed in 2003 which was epidemic affected more than 8000 people with nearly 10% of fatality rate, mostly in China and Hong Kong.[1,2] Being a zoonotic pathogen; Coronaviruses have a broad spectrum of hosts such as human, livestock, birds, bat, mouse, and others affecting mostly respiratory, gastrointestinal tract, liver, central nervous system, etc.[3–8] The coronavirus belongs to the member of RNA viruses, which has been studied since 1949 with the isolation of murine coronavirus strain JHM causative of extensive destruction of myelin. However, the novel respiratory viruses such as human metapneumovirus,[9] severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV),[10] and human coronavirus NL63 (HcoV-NL63)[11] were extensively studied since 2003. Among these, SARS-CoV and HcoV-NL63 belong to the coronavirus family.