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Pulmonary complications of solid-organ transplantation
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
RSV, human metapneumovirus and influenza virus infections occur seasonally, with epidemics in the winter and spring months, while adenovirus and parainfluenza infections are seen throughout the year. Patients with lower respiratory tract involvement, in the form of bronchiolitis or pneumonitis, typically present with fever, dyspnoea, cough and wheezing. Chest radiographs may be normal or may show only subtle interstitial changes. CT of the chest is more sensitive and findings of ground-glass, air-space consolidation, nodules, and tree-in-bud opacities are seen. The diagnosis rests on demonstration of virus in respiratory secretions obtained by nasopharyngeal swabbing, nasal wash or bronchoalveolar lavage. Viral culture represents the gold standard for diagnosis but typically entails a period of 3–14 days before results are available. Rapid diagnostic tests utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or immunofluorescence techniques to identify viral antigens are now available but results should be corroborated by standard viral culture.
Atmospheric environment and severe acute respiratory infections in Nanjing, China, 2018–2019
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Kang-Jun Wu, Xiao-Qing Wu, Lei Hong
SARI accounts for a huge disease burden globally, with 1.19–1.64 million cases of infants and children (<5 years old) admitted to hospitals for severe acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) worldwide in 2010 (Nair et al. 2013). The etiology of SARI consists of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), adenovirus (AdV), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), and Haemophilus influenzae (Hi). All types of SARI-associated pathogens show high prevalence worldwide. The annual number of cases of infants and children with RSV-associated acute lower respiratory infection (RSV-ALRI) ranges from 1970 to 48,010 in various countries, with hospitalization rates of 33.9–86.6% (Li et al. 2021). The number of inpatients with RSV-ALRI in the elderly population (≥65 years) was 186,000–614,000 in 2015 worldwide (Shi et al. 2020). Globally, 425,000–977,000 infant and child hospitalizations were attributed to hMPV-ALRI in 2018 (Wang et al. 2021). For IV-ALRI, the annual number of infant and child hospitalizations globally is 543,000–1,415,000 (Wang et al. 2020). Prior to 2011, there was no uniform standard for SARI case surveillance globally. With the outbreak of acute infectious diseases in recent years (e.g. influenza A, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019), the World Health Organization has repeatedly advocated for enhanced surveillance of SARI cases to monitor the global epidemic of influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases (Fitzner et al. 2018; WHO 2019, 2020).