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Magnetosomes
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Sanjay R. Mishra, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Fundamentals of Low Dimensional Magnets, 2023
Marta Masó-Martínez, Paul D Topham, Alfred Fernández-Castané
Magnetosomes are functional magnetic nanoparticles generated by magnetotactic bacteria and are arranged as single-domain magnetic crystals individually wrapped in a phospholipid membrane. They have advantageous properties when compared to synthetic (chemical) MNPs: they are ferrimagnetic; have a narrow size distribution; are coated in organic material, which prevents aggregation; and can be functionalized in vivo using genetic engineering tools, allowing one-step manufacture of functionalized particles. Their biosynthesis is a clean process that is carried out at mild temperatures and generates safe waste. Magnetosomes have highly attractive prospects as “smart materials” for biotechnology and nanomedicine applications, such as cancer therapies, drug delivery, magnetic separation, and metal recovery. To ensure the future deployment of magnetosome-based technologies in industrial settings, fundamental research to unlock the mechanisms of growth and magnetosome formation in more varied MTB species is still needed. In addition, the combination of bioengineering and bioprocessing disciplines will be critical to the development of more robust and intensified bioprocesses that can be translated into real-world applications.
Application of Nanomaterials in Environmental Pollution Abatement and Their Impact on Ecological Sustainability: Recent Status and Future Perspective
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Syed Nikhat Ahmed, Subhashree Subhadarsini Mishra, Jayanta Kumar Sahu, Sabita Shroff, Prajna Paramita Naik, Iswar Baitharu, Sanjat Kumar Sahu
An alternative method of nanomaterials synthesis that does not involve the use of toxic chemicals is the biogenic method (Figure 23.1). The biogenic method involves natural substances derived from plants, bacteria, algae, fungi, yeast, actinomycetes that produce reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents required for the synthesis of the nanomaterials. The biogenic method is an ecologically sustainable as well as an economically viable option. Manufacturing metallic nanomaterials using naturally occurring vitamins, polyphenols, carbohydrates, amino acids, and natural surfactants are gradually gaining wider acceptability (Dhillon et al., 2012). The biological method of nanomaterial synthesis is rapid, eco-friendly, and suitable for large scale production compared to available conventional synthesis methods. Numbers of different species of bacteria have been reported to catalyze biogenic production of various inorganic nanomaterials that are otherwise very difficult to synthesize using chemical methods. Certain magnetotactic bacteria have the ability to produce magnetic nanoparticles, or magnetosomes. Nanomaterials such as nano- and microZnO rods are synthesized by Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, Incubation of E. coli bacterial species with cadmium chloride and sodium sulfide can lead to the generation of cadmium sulfide nanomaterials. Pseudomonas stutzeri is known to synthesize silver-based nanocrystals. Sulfate-reducing bacteria are used to produce sphalerite (ZnS) nanoparticles (Table 23.2).
Nanomaterials
Published in Mohammad E. Khosroshahi, Applications of Biophotonics and Nanobiomaterials in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Generally, there are three standard methods for synthesizing magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles:Physical-based methods: (a) Gas phase deposition and (b) Electron beam lithography, (c) Laser pyrolysis, and (d) Spray pyrolysisChemical-based methods: (a) Co-precipitation (wet chemical route), (b) Microemulsion, (c) Thermal decomposition, (d) Polyols, and (e) Sol-gelBiological-based methods: (a) Magnetosome in magnetostatic bacteria
Comparative ecotoxicity assessment of magnetosomes and magnetite nanoparticles
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2020
Varalakshmi Raguraman, K. Suthindhiran
Nevertheless, magnetosomes are biomineralized and synthesized by a group of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) under controlled growth conditions. Magnetosomes are usually composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) and are enclosed by lipid bilayer membrane consists of phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, some amino groups and specific proteins (Balkwill et al. 1980; Gorby et al. 1988; Bazylinski & Frankel., 2004; Komeili et al. 2006). The membrane not only controls the crystal size and shape, but also prevents the magnetosome from aggregation (Timko et al. 2009). Magnetosomes are gaining great attention because of their high biocompatibility, less/no toxicity and large surface to volume ratio aided by naturally forming lipid bilayer membrane (Faivre et al. 2008). Though few reports are available on the toxicity of MNPs and magnetosomes, a comparative toxicity assessment on various ecological models under identical conditions is lacking. The present study dealt with the comparative toxicity evaluation of MNPs and magnetosomes using both in vivo and in vitro assays. We compared the size and morphology, crystallinity, cell viability and toxicity evaluation on various models such as red blood cell (RBC), macrophage cell lines, onion root tip, Artemia salina and in zebrafish embryos.