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COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
The first lethal coronavirus, SARS-CoV, emerged in 2002 in Guangdong Province, China (10). The second lethal coronavirus, MERS-CoV, emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012, in South Korea in 2015, and again in Saudi Arabia in 2018 and is still circulating in the Middle East (11). Compared with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 is more transmissible and contagious (12). Even though COVID-19 is a novel disease, SARS and MERS-CoV research has helped investigators to understand how the host immune system may deal with viral infection and how the virus may evade such host responses (13). The genomic sequence analysis reveals SARS-CoV-2 shares approximately 79.5% sequence similarity with SARS-CoV and 50% with MERS-CoV (14). The genomic analysis also reveals similarities in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 S proteins, which directly bind to ACE2, while the S protein of MERS-CoV uses dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as its cellular receptor to enter target cells (15).
Emerging Diseases
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
The MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) was first reported in the fall of 2012 in the Arabian Peninsula. The disease causes by MERS-CoV is very similar to that caused by the MERS virus. About 30–40 percent of those contracting the disease died. Persons with renal disease. The virus may have spread from bats and camels to humans. Those that are immunocompromised have chronic lung disease, have diabetes, or are elderly tend to be at increased risk for the most severe forms of the disease. Most cases of MERS have occurred in Saudi Arabia with some infections in surrounding countries such as Jordan, Kuwait, and Yemen. One infected person spread the disease to South Korea causing 36 deaths from the 185 persons infected in 2015. There have no other major outbreaks since then. Over 1000 persons in Saudi Arabia contracted the disease with 1370 cases documented worldwide resulting in 480 deaths.117
COVID-19 ramifications during pregnancy
Published in Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Intelligent Circuits and Systems, 2021
Rydhm Beri, Mithilesh Kr. Dubey, Anita Gehlot, Rajesh Singh
The coronavirus is a danger disease and may ranges from mild cold to severe health conditions. Coronavirus for human beings is a subgrouping into two major groups. Some of them are further categorized into sub-groups which affect human health in various ways and have different symptoms and health issues as shown in Figure 88.1.SARS CoV: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS CoV), first found in 2002 at Southern China. SARS CoV is considered an animal virus but in 2002 the first human was found infected with SARS CoV. During that period the virus spread across 26 countries and 8000 got infected. This virus transmits from animal to humans. The symptoms include malaise, headache, diarrhoea, fever and shivering, and breath shortness is found in the second week of illness [20]. To reduce transmission of virus it was advisable to reduce travelling and critical care was provided to patients. There is a severe category of SARS termed as COVID-19. This study focus on describing COVID-19 properties and its effects on pregnancy.MERS CoV: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS CoV) was first identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. According to the report of the WHO [19], 35% of patients suffering from MERS died. The typical symptoms of MERS include, cough, fever, breath shortness and diarrhoea and it transmits from person to personby close contact and animal to person. People with diabetes, kidney disease, lung disease and low immunity are more vulnerable to MERS CoV infection. The social distancing was found to be useful for the person to stop virus spread to other persons.
COVIDPRO-NET: a prognostic tool to detect COVID 19 patients from lung X-ray and CT images using transfer learning and Q-deformed entropy
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Vijay R, Abhishek Kumar, Ankit Kumar, V D Ashok Kumar, Rajeshkumar K, V D Ambeth Kumar, Abdul Khader Jilani Saudagar, Abirami A
The novel coronavirus (CoV) was found near the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. They are named because of their distinctive crown-like appearance when viewed via a microscope (Paules et al., 2020). CoV is a dangerous virus that belongs to a wide family (Chen et al., 2020) that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). World Health Organization taken it into consideration the outbreak as Public Health international and named it COVID-19. The global standard for diagnosis of CoV is real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) . The pervasive spread of CoV led to falling in economy of several nations, leading to a devastating effect on human life quality. The demographic conditions also play a significant role in the distributed spread of CoV in different countries such as population density, humidity, patient age and temperature.
Responding to epidemic-driven demand: the role of supply channels
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2022
Jaeseok Lee, Min Kyung Lee, Seongkyoon Jeong, Brandon Lee, Minseok Park
These questions are challenging to answer because it is difficult to obtain supply chain data with high coverage and accuracy (Sharma et al. 2019; Lu and Shang 2017). In addition, supply chain data that demonstrate changes in supply chains before and after an epidemic event are not commonly available to the public. To overcome these issues, we use novel supply chain data, including 227,991 observations at the quarter-firm level (of 28,330 firms) from South Korea and utilise the unique opportunity to conduct empirical research as a result of the MERS epidemic event. MERS is an illness caused by a novel coronavirus called the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (CDC 2019). In relation to the MERS epidemic, 2,449 cases were reported in 27 countries, with a case-fatality rate of 34.5% by the end of July 2019, making it much deadlier than COVID-19, which has a 1% mortality rate (WHO 2019a). In 2015, South Korea experienced the largest known outbreak of the MERS epidemic outside of the Arabian Peninsula (CDC 2019; WHO 2019a). Because hospitals attempted to provide timely treatment for infected patients, medical equipment manufacturers in South Korea encountered a sudden increase in demand, which is a similar phenomenon that happened worldwide during the global COVID-19 outbreak.
COVID-19: a pandemic challenging healthcare systems
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2021
Lidong Wang, Cheryl Ann Alexander
Animal to human transmission from a bat coronavirus was identified as the viral source of SARS; and civets, small nocturnal animals found in Africa and Asia have been identified as possible intermediate hosts. Transmission would be via bite or contact with bat feces, etc. On the other hand, MERS is transmitted by dromedary camels found in the Middle East, however, a potential and likely original host is a bat, but further research is necessary to prove it (Brüssow, 2020). Dromedary camels have been found to have the MERS-CoV virus in nasal swabs and other mucus membranes. The four nonstructural proteins (S, N, M, and E) that have been preclinically explored as antiviral targets against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV are conserved well in SARS-CoV-2, but SARS-CoV is only about 75% similar in transmissibility to SARS-CoV-2 (Brüssow, 2020). Current epidemiological evidence supports viral transmission via direct contact with live dromedary camels or other humans with symptomatic MERS via droplet transmission; however, there is little evidence which supports the likelihood of viral transmission from humans with asymptomatic MERS or camel products. Various transmission mechanisms of MERS-CoV are still not completely understood although multiple methods of exposure can be traced to transmission of the virus; for example, human exposure to infected camels or infected patients in healthcare facilities (Killerby et al., 2020). As with SARS-CoV-2, most cases of MERS-CoV have resulted from direct close contact with infected patients. The most common transmission route is the orofecal transmission route, which happens when the virus sheds in the intestinal system and patients and caregivers fail to properly perform handwashing or sanitizing of their hands. However, cases of zoonotic transmissions from dromedary camels to humans have also been reported largely in Saudi Arabia where there are frequent interactions between camels and humans (Yong et al., 2019).