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Review of Current Radiation Risk Models as Related to Medical Imaging
Published in Lawrence T. Dauer, Bae P. Chu, Pat B. Zanzonico, Dose, Benefit, and Risk in Medical Imaging, 2018
Studies have been carried out on a number of other groups receiving medical exposures. These include radiation therapy of the spine for treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, which created an excess of leukemia and other neoplasms in irradiated tissues (Weiss et al. 1995; Smith 2007). For breast cancer, data from seven cohorts in North America and Western Europe were used by the ICRP in addition to the LSS for estimating risks, since baseline rates of breast cancer in Japan are very low (Little and Boise 1999; Preston et al. 2002). These include women treated with radiotherapy for acute post-partum mastitis and chronic breast diseases and women receiving multiple chest fluoroscopic examinations in the course of therapy for tuberculosis in Massachusetts and Canada (Boice et al. 1991). For thyroid cancer, data from four populations exposed during medical treatment in various countries have been pooled (Ron et al. 1995). These include treatments in Israel of young patients with tinea capitis by irradiation of the scalp, irradiation of infants with enlarged thymus glands, and treatments with X-rays for enlarged tonsils or lymphoid hyperplasia. Follow-up after the Chernobyl accident has provided additional information on the effects of thyroid exposure to radioiodine (UNSCEAR 2011; WHO 2005). The incidence of thyroid cancer in children under 15 years increased rapidly at an earlier stage than in the LSS, among highly exposed groups in neighboring countries. The highest thyroid doses occurred in rural Belarus where 25,000 children aged 0–7 received a mean thyroid dose of 3.1 Gy.
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Published in Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao, Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, 2007
The only well-established laboratory animal model for both C. parvum and C. hominis is the gnoto-biotic pig model, which uses very low infection doses and allows direct comparison of these two species within the same host (Widmer et al., 2000; Pereira et al., 2002; Chapter 19). In gnotobiotic pigs, C. parvum and C. hominis differ from each other in the prepatent period, infection site, and disease severity. Isolates of C. hominis have longer prepatent periods than C. parvum isolates (8.8 versus 5.4 days). With the few isolates tested, C. parvum infects the entire small and large intestine, whereas C. hominis infects mostly ileum and colon, which have higher number of parasites per villous when infected with C. hominis. Cryptosporidium parvum-infected pigs develop moderate-to-severe disease, whereas C. hominis-infected pigs have only mild-to-moderate disease. Moderate-to-severe villous/mucosal attenuation with lymphoid hyperplasia is usually seen throughout the intestine of C. parvum-infected pigs. Lesions in C. hominis-infected pigs are mild to moderate and restricted to the ileum and colon (Pereira et al., 2002). An immunosuppressed Mongolian gerbil model for both C. parvum and C. hominis has also been described, which requires the use of higher infection doses than the gnotobiotic model. No difference in oocyst shedding was observed between the two Cryptosporidium species in this model (Baishanbo et al., 2005).
Endocrine system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
To determine the presence, nature and extent of any anterior mediastinal mass. There are a variety of pathological conditions associated with thymic lesions including thymoma (e.g. the autoimmune disease myasthenia gravis) and thymic hyperplasia (e.g. true thymic hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia) [56].
Effect of sleep deprivation and daylight restriction on the immune response to Escherichia coli-induced septicemia in Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Abayomi O. Ige, Esther O. Agbo, Dorcas J. Brown, Olakunle O. Mebude, Elsie O. Adewoye
However, interferon-γ (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are both proinflammatory cytokines [34], were not elevated in the ECIS group. This suggests that the induced septicemia in this group may not have activated chronic proinflammation cytokines at the time of sample collection (7 days post exposure). The consequent lymphoid hyperplasia noted in this group is however associated with the presence of systemic infection [35]. In addition, the elevated levels of immunoglobulin G, an antibody that protects against and controls infection, and immunoglobulin M that serve as the first line of host defense against infection and play important roles in immune regulation and tolerance [36], in the ECIS group suggested activation of immune response.
Image Enhancement of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Frames Using Image Fusion Technique
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
V. Vani, K. V. Mahendra Prashanth
The experiments were conducted on real-time WCE videos collected from BGS Global Hospital, Bangalore for 4 patients and from Atlas of gastrointestinal endoscopy database [24]. WCE images (94 images with lesions and 41 images without lesions) were being considered from the endoatlas database [24] for the experimental analysis. Various lesions considered were Ampulla, Angiodysplasia, Baretts, Vascular Ecstasis, Candida Esophagitis, Crohns, Cyst, Duodenitis, Edema, Enteritis erosion, Gastrojejunostomy, Ileal Diverticulum, Intursusception, Lymphangiectasia, Lymphoid hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Metastasis, Polyps, Tumour, Ulcer, Vascular lesions and Venous malformation. The observation of the experimental analysis is discussed in section 4.2 and 4.3.