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Respiratory Illnesses Caused by Diesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
Published in Ozcan Konur, Petrodiesel Fuels, 2021
Salvi et al. (1999) study the acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to ‘diesel exhaust’ (DE) in healthy human volunteers in a paper with 608 citations. They exposed 15 healthy human volunteers to air and diluted DE under controlled conditions for 1 h with intermittent exercise. They found that while standard lung function measures did not change following DE exposure, there was a significant increase in neutrophils and B lymphocytes in airway lavage, along with increases in histamine and fibronectin. There was a significant increase in neutrophils, mast cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes along with upregulation of the endothelial adhesion molecules ‘intercellular adhesion molecule 1’ (ICAM-1) and ‘vascular cell adhesion molecule 1’ (VCAM-1), with increases in the numbers of ‘lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1’ (LFA-1) + cells in the bronchial tissue. There were also significant increases in neutrophils and platelets in peripheral blood following DE exposure. They conclude that at high ambient concentrations, acute short-term DE exposure produced a well-defined and marked systemic and pulmonary inflammatory response in healthy human volunteers.
Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Derivation
Published in Deepak A. Lamba, Patient-Specific Stem Cells, 2017
Uthra Rajamani, Lindsay Lenaeus, Loren Ornelas, Dhruv Sareen
Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs): Human iPSCs can be generated using Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-immortalized B cells from the blood known as lymphoblastoid cells (64). The EBV infections in the immortalized cells are mostly latent and hence express only a limited number of viral proteins. LCLs are phenotypically characterized by activated B cells expressing activation markers such as CD23, CD39, and adhesion molecules such as lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA1), LFA3, and intercellular adhesion molecule (65). LCLs can be explanted from the peripheral blood of EBV-seropositive individuals without exogenous infection (66) or by in vitro infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with EBV (67). Advents in recent methods allow for much more reliable reprogramming of iPSC lines using episomal plasmids (67). The vast potential of this source of tissue allows greater utilization of numerous repositories worldwide that already store well-annotated and whole-genome-sequenced patient LCLs. These LCLs can be readily converted to iPSCs and subsequently to any differentiated cell type for research studies.
Molecular and Cellular Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
George C. Tsokos, Yuang-Taung Juang, Christos G. Tsokos, Madhusoodana P. Nambiar
Environmental factors, including drugs and ultraviolet light induce SLE-like disorders. Because these agents induce hypomethylation of DNA, and modify the expression of the affected genes, a relationship between DNA hypomethylation and SLE has been sought. Upregulation of lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 (LFA-1/CD1 la) generate autoreactive state by exaggerated help for the production of autoantibodies. The activity of the DNA methylation enzyme DNA (cytosin e-5)-methyltransferase (Dmnt) appears to be regulated in part by the Ras-Mitogen Activated Protein (Ras-MAP) kinase pathway and it has been suggested that the reduced (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase-I activity in SLE T cells is a function of deficient Ras-MAP kinase signaling.57
Controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in alginate and hyaluronic acid (ALG–HA) bead system to promote wound healing in punch-induced wound rat model
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Maqsood Ali, Si Hyun Kwak, Byong-Taek Lee, Hwan Jun Choi
For the further effect of ALG–HA/Hep in the in vivo studies, different concentrations of the VEGF were treated with the 2 × 103 CPAE cells at the time points of day 7 and day 14, as mentioned earlier for expression of the endothelial enzyme (eNOS) and vascular cells adhesion proteins (VCAM1). CPAE cells were cultured in low number to prevent over confluency. eNOS is also known under different names such as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (eNOS). Previously, eNOS showed the induction of angiogenesis [51]. Another study mentioned wound healing in diabetic type I rats by inducing the expression levels of eNOS, VEGF and Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1a) through a PI3K-dependent signaling pathway [52]. Firm adhesion of leucocytes is promoted by VCAM-1 and their corresponding ligands Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4). The binding of the leucocytes for transmigration promotes the wound-healing process [53, 54]. At day 7, analysis of the western blot results did not show any significant results regarding the adhesive protein marker and endothelial enzyme (Supplementary Figure S3(a–c)). Figure 7(a,b) shows the relative expressive markers of different groups at the day 14 time point. ALG–HA/VEGF150 western blot results in Figure 7(c) showed significant expression of eNOS and VCAM1. As previous studies showed low significant or non-significant protein expressions on day 7 [55]. Sustained release of the VEGF with the time might be the reason of low expression of eNOS and VCAM1 proteins in day 7 groups. As different concentrations of the VEGF were analyzed for the expression of protein in CPAE cells, ALG–HA/VEGF150 beads were suggested to be a prominent dual polymer bead system for wound healing for in vivo studies.