China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Breast imaging
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Grey-scale ultrasound is the primary imaging technique under the age of 35 or 40 years (according to local protocol) because in younger women breast tissue is more dense to X-rays reducing diagnostic sensitivity and increasing radiation dose. Colour Doppler imaging can assist in assessing vascularity but rarely changes the diagnosis. Ultrasound elastography (see page 682) has become increasingly useful for refining benign versus malignant diagnosis by assessing the ‘stiffness’ of tissue, as benign lesions tend to be softer and more deformable. Ultrasound is also used to further assess indeterminate abnormalities on mammography, and as an adjunct in triple assessment of a mass, even if mammography is negative. Some cancers, particularly lobular carcinoma, will show on ultrasound but not on mammography. Simple cysts can be characterised accurately by ultrasound obviating the need for other diagnostic approaches. Ultrasound is also the quickest way of performing image-guided biopsy. Ultrasound of the axilla, with biopsy of any suspicious nodes, is performed for any patient with a breast lesion suspected to be cancer, in order to assess axillary lymph node status. If nodal metastases are confirmed at diagnosis the need for more invasive peri-operative procedures is obviated.
Engineered Composites for 3D Mammary Tissue Systems
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
Cheryl T. Gomillion, Chih-Chao Yang, Didier Dréau, Karen J. L. Burg
The majority of breast cancers originate in the ducts of the breast (85%), whereas others typically originate in the lobules (Korkola et al. 2003). The progression of breast cell growth from a normal to cancerous state is a spontaneous, multistep process. The progression of breast cancer begins with a hyperproliferation of cells or hyperplasia. The epithelial cells still appear normal in structure; however, they begin to divide uncontrollably and more cells are present within the duct. In the atypia stage, the epithelial cells look “atypical” or slightly abnormal upon microscopic examination. This condition is often diagnosed as benign; however, the patient may still be diagnosed as precancerous, indicating that they may have a high likelihood of developing cancer later (Habal 2006; Polyak 2007). Breast cancer can progress to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In DCIS, the epithelial cells have an abnormal appearance and are fast growing beginning to form clusters within the lining of the duct. When the in situ carcinomas occur in the lobule, it is designated as lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) (Habal 2006; Parmar and Cunha 2004; Polyak 2007). In invasive cancer, the abnormal cells of the duct have begun to infiltrate into the surrounding normal breast tissue. The invasive phenotype that is associated with the tumor cell secretion of enzymes is able to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the ductal basement membrane. These secretions also play a key role in allowing breast cancer cells to intravasate and extravasate the blood vessels or the lymphatic vessels in distant organs (Polyak 2007; Schedin and Keely 2011). The homing of breast cancer cells primarily occur in the lung, the liver, the bones, and the brain, and as the metastases grow in these organs, it negatively affects the entire physiology of the individual.
A Comparative Study of Meta Heuristic Model to Assess the Type of Breast Cancer Disease
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Dharmpal Singh, J. Paul Choudhury, Mallika De
Breast Cancer (BC) is a type of cancer that originates from the breast tissue and it has two types of (noninvasive and invasive) tumor. The ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma are common types of breast cancer which begins in the lining of the milk ducts and lobules of the breast, respectively. Invasive types of breast cancer can spread from breast ducts or lobules to the surrounding normal tissues of the breast. Tumors are mainly benign and malignant; benign tumors cannot spread by invasion and metastasis; therefore, it has a chance to grow in the local area of the breast, whereas malignant tumors are competent enough to spread by invasion and metastasis. Therefore, in this paper, the term “Cancer” is used only for malignant tumors.
CSPO-DCNN: Competitive Swarm Political Optimisation for Breast Cancer Classification using Histopathological Image
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Jyoti Umesh Kundale, Sudhir Dhage
The PO is integrated with CSO; thereby, appropriate 1st level and 2nd level classification of cancer is highly improved. Besides, the developed CSPO-based DCNN approach classifies benign breast cancers, like adenosis, fibroadenoma, phyllodes and tubular adenoma. Along with this, malignant breast cancers, such as carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, lobular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma, are classified. In addition, the computational time and complexity are decreased based on the DCNN classifier.