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Nigella sativa Encapsulated Nano-Scaffolds and Their Bioactivity Significance
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Mohammed Asadullah Jahangir, Abdul Muheem, Syed Sarim Imam, Farhan Jalees Ahmed, Mohd. Aqil
Alcoholic extract of N. sativa is a strong antidepressant. Moreover, the anxiolytic activity was demonstrated with the increase in serotonin (5-HT) and decrease in hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in the rat brain. The increased level of 5-HT in rats improved learning and memory capacity and augmented the tryptophan levels. The neuroprotective effects were due to the antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory capacities of N. sativa. It may also act as anticonvulsant (Ahmad et al., 2013). The results of thymoquinone rich fraction nanoemulsion (TQRFNE), thymoqui-none nanoemulsion (TQNE), and the conventional emulsion were studied on the high fat or cholesterol diet (HFCD) fed rats. Various proteins and enzymes levels such as amyloid-β (Aβ) generation; amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) processing, γ-secretases of presenilin 1 (PSEN1), β-secretase 1 (BACE1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2), Aβ degradation; Aβ transportation; insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) was estimated in brain tissues. TQRFNE were found to reduce the brain Aβ fragment length 1-40 and 1-42 (Aβ40 and Aβ42) levels, which could further improve the AD pathogenesis (Ismail et al., 2017).
Nano-System as Therapeutic Means
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Ananya Ghosh, Aniruddha Mukherjee
With almost 44 million people worldwide, AD is a neurodegenerative disease typically symptomized and associated with dementia and memory loss. Cerebral atrophy, accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aß) peptide, hyperphosphorylated tau protein filaments, and related cerebrovascular changes leading to cerebral amyloid angiopathy the prime causes behind this chronic ailment. Research for AD can be particularly complicated as none of the animal models, currently, in use, are a true representation of the neuropathology spectrum of the disease. However, transgenic animal models altered by mutation can provide a better insight into the prognosis of it. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, are responsible for Aß clearance in healthy organisms, while the Aß influx to the brain is controlled by the receptor for advanced glyca-tion end products (RAGE). Significantly, amplified amounts of Aß in the AD affected induce upregulation of RAGE expression, hence spawning a positive feedback loop for subsequent exacerbation of Aß accumulation in the brain alongside activating several inflammatory and oxidative cascades. Aß-RAGE interaction also prompts TJ disruption via intracellular Ca2+-calcineurin signaling and secretion of MMP-2 and -9.
Delivery Systems for Proteins and Peptides
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Sougata Jana, Arijit Gandhi, Kalyan Kumar Sen
A dual-targeting NP DDS was developed by conjugating Angiopep with poly (ethylene glycol)-co-poly (ε-caprolactone) (PEG–PCL) nanoparticles (ANG-NP) through bifunctional PEG to overcome the limitations of low transport of chemotherapeutics across the BBB and poor penetration into tumor tissue. ANG-NP can target the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), which is over-expressed on the BBB and glioma cells. Compared with non-targeting nanoparticles, a significantly higher amount of rhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled dual-targeting nanoparticles were endocytosed by U87 MG cells. The antiproliferative and cell apoptosis assay of paclitaxel-loaded ANG-NP (ANG-NP-PTX) demonstrated that ANG-NP-PTX resulted in enhanced inhibitory effects to U87 MG glioma cells. The transport ratios across the BBB model in vitro were significantly increased, and the cell viability of U87 MG glioma cells after crossing the BBB was obviously decreased, by ANG-NP-PTX. Enhanced accumulation of ANG-NP in the glioma bed and infiltrating margin of an intracranial U87 MG glioma tumor-bearing in vivo model were observed by real-time fluorescence imaging. In conclusion, Angiopep-conjugated PEG–PCL NPs show prospects in dual-targeting DDS for targeting therapy of brain glioma [87].
Evaluation of the anti-oxidant property and cytotoxic potential of the metabolites extracted from the bacterial isolates from mangrove Forest and saltern regions of South India
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Subramanian Prathiba, Gurunathan Jayaraman
According to World Health Organization, cancer is the prime cause of mortality and morbidity.[1] Incidentally, there should be pronounced emphasis on prevention and cure of cancer. Antioxidants like Vitamins C, B, and E, carotenoids, and flavonoids help cancer prevention. They also act as supplements during chemotherapy which help to overcome the formation of free radicals.[2] In spite of these advancements, there have been reports related to the development of drug-resistant cancer cells. Also drug efficacy and affordability are the issues which need to be addressed. Therefore there is a continuous necessity to tap newer sources to develop new antioxidant and anticancer products.[3,4] Obviously, the quest for such new sources extends to exploration of natural products. It has been consistently proved that marine sources are rich in metabolites with antioxidant properties and therefore they present excellent scope to develop prospective drug molecules against various cancer types.[5] Microorganisms surviving in the mangrove forest and salterns undergo periodic climatic variation and as a result develop adaptability to huge environmental stress and therefore can be considered as promising habitats for new microbial isolates. Cytarabine from Cryptotheca crypt, Trabectedin from Ecteinascidia turbinate, Brentuximab vedotin from Symploca hydnoides and Lyngbya majuscule[6] isolated from marine sources are the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved cancer drugs available in the market.[5] Of the numerous metabolites, pigmented secondary metabolites with antioxidant/anticancer activity needs special attention. Manivasagan et al, reported that the secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. (Albidopyrone, Trioxacarcin, Chloro-dihydroquinones), Micromonosproa sp. (Diazepinomicin) Nocardia dassonvillei (N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenazinamine (NHP)), Dermacoccus (Dermacozines A-G) exhibit anticancer activity.[7] Prodigiosin, a bioactive red pigmented metabolite, has been shown to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin pathway by targeting several sites like low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (LRP) 6, Dishevelled (DVL), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells.[8]β-carotene induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer by down regulating cyclin A and Bcl-2 family proteins.[9] 4, 4 diaponeurosporene, a C30 carotenoid was reported to assist the activation of dendritic cells which in turn help in T cell proliferation and this could well be used in treating various types of cancer.[10] Therefore, the importance of secondary metabolites produced by several halotolerant bacteria in the formulation of drugs deserves due recognition.