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Nanoparticles Synthesized by Compounds of Marine Macroalgae for Drug Delivery
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Priyanka Rathod, Kulanthaiyesu Arunkumar
Laminarin-synthesized NPs are used mainly for drug delivery in cancer therapy. A review study reveals a photodynamic therapy against human breast cancer cells by Hematin-Laminarin-Dithiodipropionic Acid-MGK (HLDM), a drug derived from laminarin bioactive compounds. HLDM is an amphiphilic carrier used to load the hydrophobic drug and is combined with protoporphyrin IX as a photosensitizer to fabricate NPs for treating cancer cells (Yueming et al., 2019). The nanofibrous particles were prepared by an electrospinning method from laminarin and a conjugated compound, i.e., poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), were synthesized for studying the potential cell growth in cancer therapy (Iliou et al., 2022). Another study reveals conjugated nonviral vector-based polyethyleneimine-laminarin, which carries the small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target the B-cells for targeting the gene delivery in human breast cancer cells (Ren et al., 2015).
Algae as a Source of Polysaccharides and Potential Applications
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Sonal Tiwari, E Amala Claret, Vikas S. Chauhan
Laminarin is a branched, hydrophilic β-glucan. The chemical structure of laminarin consists of the main chain made of 20–33 units of d-glucopyranose residues with β-(1–3) linkage along with 6-O-branching and β-(1–6)-interchain links (Rioux et al., 2007). They also have some amount of uronic acid and mannitol (2.4 to 3.7%). The laminarin of Eiseniabi cyclis is a linear chain of (1,3)-β-d-glucanswith (1,3) and (1,6) linkage in a ratio of 2.6:1 and 13.2% sulfate (Ermakova et al., 2013). The solubility of Laminarin is affected by the amount of branching. The highly branched polymer is soluble even in cold water, while the laminarins with lesser branches are only soluble in water at high temperatures. Based on the terminal sugar residue of the glycan chain, Laminarin is either M or G type (Rioux et al., 2007). In the case of M type, terminal sugar is a non-reducing 1-linked D-mannitol, and in G type, it is a reducing glucose residue. Generally, only a small portion of the polysaccharide will have G chains, and the majority are M chains (Read et al., 1996). The ratio of M:D in glucan is species dependant, Laminaria digitata has M and G in the ratio of 3:1, while in Cystoseira barbata and C. crinite M chain is absent (Figure 9.8). There are some exceptional laminarins found in Cystoseira species with N-acetylhexosamine-terminated chains in smaller quantity (Sellimi et al., 2018).
Biorefinery Approach to the Use of Macroalgae as Feedstock for Biofuels
Published in Leonel Pereira, Algal Biofuels, 2017
Ana M. Lopez-Contreras, Paulien F.H. Harmsen, Xiaoru Hou, Wouter J.J. Huijgen, Arlene K. Ditchfield, Bryndis Bjornsdottir, Oluwatosin O. Obata, Gudmundur O. Hreggvidsson, Jaap W. van Hal, Anne-Belinda Bjerre
As an example of the enzymatic hydrolysis for fermentation, Hou et al. (2015) reported the enzymatic hydrolysis of a minor pre-treated (i.e., only by drying and milling) brown seaweed L. digitata. This brown macroalgae showed a high glucose content (i.e., 56% in dried weight), which was present mainly in the form of laminarin. As was introduced in Section 3, laminarin is a polysaccharide composed of a backbone of p-1,3-glucan with ramifications connected through p-1,6-glucan bonds. The hydrolysation of such a glucan matrix into monomer glucose requires synergistic work from at least three groups of enzymes: p-1,3-glucanases, p-1,6-glucanases, and p-glucosidase. p-1,3-glucanases and p-1,6-glucanases hydrolyse p-1,3-glucans and P-1,6- glucans to glucose and disaccharides, and p-glucosidases hydrolyse the disaccharides into glucose. Figure 4.9 shows a simplified model of this synergistic hydrolysis of laminarin by p-glucanases and p-glucosidase.
Impact of advanced extraction technologies and characterization of freeze-dried brown seaweed polysaccharides
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
K. R. Karthika Parvathy, M. Ajanth Praveen, P. Balasubramanian, Bibekanand Mallick
The obtained 1H NMR peaks (Figure 4d) are correlated with previously reported data. The spectra at 4.703 ppm and chemical shift at 3.5 to 3.7 ppm revealed the peaks correspond to laminarin and signal enhancement derived from mannitol, which is a characteristic of brown algae. Polysaccharides of brown seaweeds majorly constitute laminarin, mannitol and uronic composition of alginic acid.[51,52] Ulvan (Sulfated glucuronorhamnoxylan) composed of 4-linked l-rhamnose-3-sulfate and d-xylose residues (ulvobiose) with monomeric d-glucuronic acid or d-glucuronic acid-3-sulfate on O-2 of some l-rhamnose-3-sulfate units as the side chains alternatively.[53]
Industrial production and applications of α/β linear and branched glucans
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2021
Geetha Venkatachalam, Senthilkumar Arumugam, Mukesh Doble
Yeast has β-(1,3) glucans with β-(1,6) side chain linked (Figure 3B) and are found (5–90%) in cell walls. Curdlan (Figure 3C), the β-glucan is produced by Agrobacterium spp., Rhizobium spp., Cellulomonas spp., Streptococcus mutans and Alcaligenes faecalis. Laminarin (Figure 3D) is linked by β-(1,3) which are storage glucan of Algae and lichens. Microbial cellulose (Figure 3E) are linked by β-(1,4) glucan which are produced by Pseudomonas sp., Agrobacterium sp., Acetobacter xylinum, Rhizobium sp. Agrobacterium sp., algae and higher plants. Some β-(1,3)-(1,6) glucans are produced from Lentinula edodes and are named as lentinan (Figure 3F) [16].