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Recent Advances of Nanotechnologies for Cancer Immunotherapy Treatment
Published in Loutfy H. Madkour, Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment, 2022
IDO, an intracellular heme-containing enzyme encoded by IDO1 gene, can regulate the degradation of tryptophan (Trp) into kynurenine (Kyn), which is regarded as the first and rate-limiting step in kynurenine pathway [204]. IDO enzymes contain IDO1 and IDO2. IDO1 is widely distributed in human body, mainly in lymphoid organs and scattered in placenta, anterior chamber, and gastrointestinal mucosa. The expression of IDO1 is highest in APCs, such as DCs and macrophages [205,206]. While the expression of IDO2 is much narrower than IDO1, IDO2 is only expressed in DCs and some of the tissues which also express IDO1 [207]. Most importantly, tryptophan is crucial for maintaining survival and effector functions of T cells. Tryptophan deficiency mediated by IDO could induce naïve CD4+ T cells differentiating into Tregs [208].
AI and Chronic Inflammation
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
Kynurenine pathway enzymes have been identified as key regulators of cancer immunity. An artificial intelligence (AI) with deep learning technology was employed to rationally design and discover a novel kynurenine pathway regulator with potent immunotherapeutic efficacy. The study demonstrated that AI modeling with deep learning is a valid strategy for a rational and effective development of an immunotherapeutic drug. This AI-based platform can be applied to other molecular targets to speed up the immuno-oncologic drug development.37
Tryptophan capped gold-aryl nanoparticles for energy transfer study with SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins
Published in Soft Materials, 2022
Javad B. M. Parambath, Sofian M. Kanan, Ahmed A. Mohamed
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vastly spread causing a global pandemic which has been triggered by respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[1] Ongoing research on this severe acute respiratory disease focuses on the viral spike protein (S-proteins) for developing reliable detection methods, therapies, and vaccines. The binding and structural features of these proteins are critical in host cell interaction.[2] Understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 is still under investigation. Recent studies have shown the role of tryptophan metabolism in differential regulation of responses to SARS-CoV-2.[3,4] Studies have shown the cytokine storm leading to acute respiratory distress has a key role in tryptophan metabolism, which regulates the immune system through the kynurenine pathway.[5] Therefore, the role of tryptophan in SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical and might be a valuable biomarker for therapeutic interventions.