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Interaction of Nonmodulated Radio Frequency Fields with Living Matter: Experimental Results
Published in Charles Polk, Elliot Postow, CRC Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2019
It would thus appear that RF exposure initially causes a general stimulation of the immune system, but if the exposure continues, the stimulatory effect disappears, suggesting a phase of adaptation to continued RF exposure. There is a body of literature on the influence of heat per sc on immunity. Significant influences of microwaves on immune responsiveness would be expected on the basis of the known effects of hyperthermia. Although there has been some uncertainty whether fever enhances host resistance to infection,464,465 recent evidence suggests that fever may enhance survival after infection in an animal model.466 Cell-mediated immunity plays a role in defense against facilitative intracellular bacteria, viruses, and certain other infectious agents.467,468 Roberts and Steigbigel469 have shown that increased temperature (38.5°C) enhances human lymphocyte response to mitogen (PHA) and antigen (streptokinase-streptrxlornase) and enhances, but does not accelerate, certain bactericidal functions of human phagocytic leukocytes. One, therefore, has to be circumspect in assessing the mechanisms of MW exposure related to alterations in immune processes. It may be that if MWs do, in fact, increase the proportion of lymphocytes undergoing transformation, it may not in itself be harmful, but actually beneficial. The immune system has a considerable redundancy and adaptability. Perturbations of the immune system may not have clinical significance.
Nanomedicine Clinical and Preclinical Use
Published in Bertrand Henri Rihn, Biomedical Application of Nanoparticles, 2017
Roudayna Diab, Sanghoon Kim, Ileana-Alexandra Pavel, Nadia Canilho, Fernanda Bianca Haffner, Sijin Li, Alain Celzard, Mihayl Varbanov, Emmanuel Lamouroux, Andreea Pasc
Early research works implementing nanotechnologies in medical applications were in the domains of vaccination, cancer, and infectious diseases (Kreuter, 2007). Because of their sustained release properties, nano-carried vaccines were intended to produce a sufficient immune response while using a unique injection rather than often needed multiple injections (Birrenbach and Speiser, 1976). Anticancer agents, with their large volume of distribution, short half-lives, and severe cytotoxicity, were excellent candidates for nanoencapsulation, as a way to circumvent these drawbacks. In addition, drug transport through “impassable” blood–brain barriers (BBB) was made possible, accompanied by an enhanced survival of rats bearing glioblastoma (Gulyaev et al., 1999). Later, lysosomotropic effects of nanoparticles (NPs) based on polyalkylcyanoacrylate was discovered by Couvreur et al. (1977). Henceforth, subcellular targeting was feasible, holding hopes to fight intracellular infections. In fact, nanoencapsulation enables anti-infective agents to be delivered inside the cell and hence to readily interact with intracellular bacteria (Abed and Couvreur, 2014).
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
These organisms represent a heterogeneous group of bacteria with unique phenotypic characteristic that are dependent on living cells for their survival.Chlamydiae are intracellular bacteria which are more commonly recognised as a causative of upper and lower respiratory tract infections and sexually transmitted infections.Mycoplasmas are ubiquitous, small-sized organisms that infect a variety of plant and animal species and have frequently been implicated as cell culture contaminants. Pathogenic mycoplasma infection results in atypical pneumonia.Rickettsiae are Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that are more commonly associated with arthropods such as ticks and fleas. Rickettsiae cause a range of serious zoonotic infections such as spotted fevers, endemic and scrub typhus, but are readily treated with antibiotics. It is important to note that they do not cause rickets, which is a result of vitamin D deficiency.Coxiellae are Gram-negative and include coxiella burneti which causes human Q fever – which is carried by arthropods (particularly ticks), fish, birds and mammals.
Genomic-wide analysis approach revealed genomic similarity for environmental Mexican S. Oranienburg genomes
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
J. R. Aguirre-Sanchez, I. F. Vega-Lopez, N. Castro Del Campo, J. A. medrano-Felix, J. Martínez-Urtaza, C. Chaidez-Quiroz
Regarding the virulence profile, an average of 146 virulence genes were found as a conservative collection for all strains (Supplementary Figure 1). Major regulator genes fur and rpoS for ferric uptake and the production of fimbriae were found. The fim cluster fimA, I, C, D, H, F, Z, Y, and W, and the single operon were found for all isolates. The curli fimbriae operon csgBAC and the master regulatory gene for adhesive curli fimbriae expression csgD were consistent for all strains. Virulence cassette ssaA belonging to Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI-2) was found. Its main role is the secretion of effector proteins to facilitate the replication of intracellular bacteria. The genes sopAD, avrA, sipABC related to the TTSS-1 secreted effectors were constant for the genome collection. The magnesium uptake genes mgtBC necessary for intracellular survival and virulence were also found. The gene duo entAB associated with iron acquisition was found. Interestingly, in the sporadic episodes of diarrhea in humans and animals the EAST1 toxin was found for only a strain that was isolated from serrano pepper (SORA2008JA02). In addition to this, the precursor of an enterobactin pathway 2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid was found for a single strain isolated from river water (C-ORA09001). The only not consistent gene among all isolates was ratB which has an intestinal persistence role.
Recent advances of algae-bacteria consortia in aquatic remediation
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Sheng-Nan Li, Chaofan Zhang, Fanghua Li, Nan-Qi Ren, Shih-Hsin Ho
Endosymbiosis in the form of endocytobiosis, is an intimate form of symbiosis, in which the endosymbiont exists intracellularly within the host symbiotic partner (Woyke & Schulz, 2019). To date, several intracellular bacteria have been identified within cells from a number of algal classes, including Euglenophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Dinophyceae (Wujek, 1979). One of the most prominently endosymbiotic bacteria is the order Rickettsiales, which is currently divided into three families: Rickettsiaceae, Anaplasmataceae, and Candidatus Midichloriaceae (Szokoli et al., 2016). Rickettsiales are obligate intracellular bacteria originally found in metazoans, which have recently been shown to be extensive endosymbionts of various protists. For example, Yurchenko et al. (2018) illustrated that several distantly associated eustigmatophytes (coccoid algae belonging to a class of stramenopile algae (ochrophytes)) could be infected by Candidatus Phycorickettsia gen. nov., a new member of the family Rickettsiaceae (Figure 3e). The recent discovery of eustigmatophytes by Ševčíková et al. (2019), has provided exciting and novel information on endosymbiosis, with eustigmatophytes hosting Candidatus Phycorickettsia as endosymbionts, with an operon of unclear function (ebo) obtained by horizontal genes transfer from the endosymbiont lineage, being found in the plastid genomes of eustigmatophytes.
Identification of microbes from textile dye wastewater and its antibiotic resistance from local textile factory
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2023
Nur Hanis Mohamad Hanapi, Hadieh Monajemi, Azimah Ismail, Zarizal Suhaili, Hafizan Juahir
Chloramphenicol is a known antibacterial agent and first isolated from Streptomyces venequelae. Chloramphenicol interferes with protein synthesis by binding with 50S ribosomal units and is fairly toxic with a therapeutic range of 5-20µg/ml to humans and should be monitored (Dasgupta 2012). Tetracycline, an antibiotic that was first isolated from Streptomyces aureofasiens by Benjamin Duggar in 1948 and considered as bacteriostatic agent since they are able to bind to the 30S subunit of ribosomes in susceptible microorganism, which inhibit protein synthesis. They have a wide-spectrum activity toward gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria varieties, obligate intracellular bacteria (Chlamydia, Legionella, and Ricketssia spp.) and potent activity against Borrelia burgdofreri (Pogue et al. 2017). Penicillin G was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, from Penicillium notatum, that had produced an antibacterial molecule, which was identified as penicillin through his initial studies, it was discovered that penicillin was able to inhibit the bacterial growth in vitro (Lobanovska and Pilla 2017). Yocum, Rasmussen, and Strominger (1980) in his studies of the mechanism action of penicillin stated that Penicillin kills susceptible bacteria by specifically inhibiting the transpeptidase that catalyzes final steps in biosynthesis of the cell wall by cross-linking the peptidoglycan.