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Anoxic Prokaryotes
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Sulfate-reducers (Archaeoglobus) and extremely thermophilic and hyperthermophilic S0-metabolizers of archaea (Desulfurolobus, Metallosphaera, Pyrobaculum, Thermofilum, Thermoproteus, Hyperthermus, Staphylothermus, Thermodiscus, Desulfurococcus, Pyrodictium, Thermococcus, Pyrococcus) require temperatures from 70°C to 105°C for growth. Some organisms use sulfur as an electron acceptor. Hyperthermophiles are inhabitants of hot and sulfur-rich volcanic springs on the surface or on the ocean floor. They are not used in environmental biotechnology currently, but they may be useful in the thermophilic biodegradation of organic wastes, production of environmentally useful enzymes, recovery of metals at a temperature close to the boiling point of water, and, probably, for the removal of sulfur from coal and oil.
Alkaliphilic Bacteria and Thermophilic Actinomycetes as New Sources of Antimicrobial Compounds
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Suchitra B. Borgave, Meghana S. Kulkarni, Pradnya P. Kanekar, Dattatraya G. Naik
Natural and manmade water bodies including geothermal vents and natural meteorite crater lakes, thermal springs are well known habitats of thermophilic actinomycetes. Soil as always, serves as an excellent source of a rich diversity of actinomycetes especially Streptomyces spp. Thermophilic actinomycetes can be isolated in high numbers from composts and over-heated plant materials such as hay and bagasse. Actinomycetes, especially thermophilic species, are well known components of the microflora of composts. Composts for mushroom cultivation, prepared from animal manures and straw, have been most studied but actinomycetes may also colonise household and green waste composts. Thermophiles especially the thermophilic actinobacteria have immense biotechnological importance. They have been used as excellent producers of several enzymes including DNA polymerases, pullulanases, amylases, xylanases, lipases and proteases on an industrial level as well as the commercial production of other active biomolecules including hormones. In the industrial production of bioactive molecules thermophiles and hyperthermophiles have the added advantage of lesser contamination problems and faster growth rates.
Bioalcohol and Biohydrogen Production by Hyperthermophiles
Published in Ajar Nath Yadav, Ali Asghar Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Microbiomes of Extreme Environments, 2021
Kesen Ma, Sarah Danielle Kim, Vivian Serena Chu
Hyperthermophiles are a group of bacteria and archaea that have the ability to grow optimally at 80°C and above, or are capable of growing at 90°C and above (Blumer-Schuette et al. 2008). They possess various enzymes that can hydrolyze biomass into simple sugars, which can be metabolized by using either conventional or modified EM, ED, and/or PP pathways (Sieber and Schoenheit 2005). Many hyperthermophiles possess the ability to produce alcohol (Table 14.1), and possess/utilize different types of ADHs (Ma and Tse 2015). It appears that the concentrations of alcohols produced are in sub-mM range, which may be due to the nature of key enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways. There have been no homolog sequences to either the commonly-known PDC or AlDH in hyperthermophilic genome sequences (Eram and Ma 2013), however, it is known that a two-step pathway is present in both hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea (Ma et al. 1997; Eram et al. 2014; 2015). In this pathway, PDC is a bifunctional enzyme that also has POR activity catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate (Ma et al. 1997; Eram et al. 2014; 2015). PDCs of the archaeal hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus guaymasensis are found to be 4.3 U/mg and 3.8 U/mg, respectively (Ma et al. 1997; Eram et al. 2014), which are much higher than those from bacterial hyperthermophiles Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga hypogea, which are 1.4 U/mg and 1.9 U/mg, respectively (Eram et al. 2015). However, their much higher POR activities (~ 20–120 U/mg) may prevent them from having sufficient PDC activity to support higher alcohol production.
Fatty acids and survival of bacteria in Hammam Pharaon springs, Egypt
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Yehia A. Osman, Mahmud Mokhtar Gbr, Ahmed Abdelrazak, Amr M. Mowafy
Extremophiles are members of the extreme environment-tolerant organisms, which belong to Archaea, eubacteria, and eukaryote. These group of organisms can live, survive and flourish at temperatures above 50 °C and may reach 80 °C and up [1]. The normal temperature sensitive macromolecules (enzymes, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) have demonstrated tolerance/resistance to this denaturing high temperatures. This adaptability of the thermophiles and hyperthermophiles cellular components is simply described as thermostability. These thermophiles and hyperthermophiles bacteria have been isolated from different habitats including hydrothermal vents and deep ocean-basin cores. From amongst them Gram positive/negative, spore or non-spore forming bacteria were isolated which exhibited aerobic or anaerobic metabolism [2] (See Table 1).
Variations of organic matters and bacterial community during hyperthermophilic biodrying process of sewage sludge
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Kai Wu, Rencheng Zhu, Peiyi Li, Yukai Zheng, Zhanbo Hu
The temperature changes during biodrying are shown in Figure 2A. Both of the two biodrying processes can be divided into three phases: mesophilic, thermophilic and cooling phases. The temperature of HB climbed rapidly in the first 3 days. and reached the maximum value of 80.6 °C on day 4. The ultra-high temperature will kill most microorganisms, however, hyperthermophilic bacteria can metabolize vigorously under this condition and produce a large amount of bio-heat.[19] In the process of HB, temperature maintained above 75 °C for 4 days. After the first turning, the temperature rose briefly and then decreased gradually. The TC value reached 422.4 °C·d during entire biodrying process. As shown in Figure 2B, the water in HB evaporated rapidly in thermophilic phases, and after 21-day biodrying, the moisture content decreased from 61.43% to 41.91%, showing a pretty effect on matrix minimization. By comparison, Cai’s research biodried sewage sludge for 20 days, and the moisture content decreased from 66.1% to 54.7%.[4] Huiliñir and Villegas reported that the moisture content decreased from 68.23% to 60% during sewage sludge biodrying.[16] The temperature in CB was lower than HB and the maximum value was 62.7 °C on day 5, which might be due to the activities of most microorganisms (mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria) in CB were inhibited under high temperature.[11] The TC value of CB reached 316.6 °C·d and the moisture content decreased from 62.75% to 50.28%, which indicated the water loss rate was lower than that of HB. This was because the higher temperature of HB was conducive to the rapid evaporation of water in the matrix.