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Orbitals and Bonding
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
There are three basic types of hybridization: sp3, sp2, and sp1 (or just sp). In each case, the sp refers to the hybridization of the atom where the superscript indicates the number of p-orbitals used to form hybrids in combination with the 2s-orbital. What is a sp2-hybrid orbital?
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Hybridization refers to: (1) Interbreeding of species, races, varieties and so on, among plants or animals; (2) The production of offspring of genetically different parents, normally from sexual reproduction, but also asexually by the fusion of protoplasts or by transformation; (3) The pairing of two polynucleotide strands, often from different sources, by hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotides.
Thirty years of conservation genetics in New Zealand: what have we learnt?
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2019
Hybridisation has been widely established as a natural phenomenon worldwide (Mallet 2005; Pennisi 2016; Arnold and Kunte 2017), with many NZ examples (Morgan-Richards et al. 2009; van Heugten et al. 2017). It can give rise to new species, transfer adaptations between species or lead to stable hybrid zones. Of particular relevance to conservation biology, hybridisation threatens the integrity of taxa and can lead to outbreeding depression caused by incompatible genes. These two negative aspects have been emphasised in NZ conservation, where there has been a tendency to follow the original US Endangered Species Act in treating hybrids as ‘unnatural’ (Allendorf et al. 2012). This downgrading of hybrids is clearly unwarranted when they are a natural product of evolution (Chapple et al. 2012; Becker et al. 2013; Shepherd et al. 2017).