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Radiopharmaceuticals for Radionuclide Therapy
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Meltem Ocak, Emre Demirci, Jessie R. Nedrow, Rebecca Krimins
In accordance with the American Cancer Society, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer, with rates of incidences tripling since 1980 and the rate of death doubling. Liver cancer, worldwide, is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Patients with unresectable disease have limited options for treatment. Furthermore, underlying diseases (hepatitis B or C, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, etc.) and the role of liver in the metabolism of drugs increases the risk of adverse effect of chemotherapy [14–15], leading to the exploration of alternative therapeutic approaches, such as Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE), for primary liver cancer as well as metastatic tumours located in the liver. TARE selectively targets embolic agents loaded with therapeutic radionuclides (Iodine-131, Yttrium-90, etc.) to tumours through intra-arterial injections. TARE is primarily used for HCC as well as metastatic liver disease, most notably for liver metastases of colorectal cancer. Interventional radiologists are able to use intra-arterial injections for targeted delivery to hepatic tumours by exploiting their preference to derive their blood supply primarily from the hepatic artery while the normal liver is mainly fed by the portal vein [16]. The embolic properties of TARE agents allow them to become trapped in the vasculature of the targeted tumours, embolizing the tumour with a radiotherapeutic. Microspheres and Lipiodol are the two main types of embolic agents that are modified to be used in TARE. The TARE approach allows for a greater dose to be delivered to hepatic tumours as compared to external beam irradiation, where the dose is more limited due to radiation induced toxicities [17, 18].
Overview of Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy in Japan
Published in Manjit Dosanjh, Jacques Bernier, Advances in Particle Therapy, 2018
Hirohiko Tsujii, Tadashi Kamada
The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is generally poor because the patients commonly have underlying liver disease and only 10%–20% of the cases are surgically resectable. For patients who are not candidates for resection, loco-regional therapies have been employed, such as radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolisation or SBRT. Among them, RT has been generally difficult to perform because the liver is relatively radiosensitive, and better understanding of the dose–response relationship is needed for tumour control and normal tissue toxicities. This has led to the use of charged particle therapy.
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Liver is a vital organ that is a center for metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and the excretion of metabolites. It is also the site for metabolism and excretion of drugs and other xenobiotic from the body. Thus, providing protection against foreign substances by detoxifying and eliminating them. Liver diseases is a major health problem in countries with high endemicity. Cirrhosis is a late-stage liver disease which occurs when scar tissue replaces healthy tissue. Liver cirrhosis caused over one million deaths in 2010, which is equivalent to approximately 2% of all deaths worldwide (Mokdad et al., 2014). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer that begins at the hepatocytes. Hepatitis is a viral infection defined by inflammation of the liver, whereas alcoholic liver disease is a damage to liver due to alcohol abuse. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes that exceeds 5% of liver weight, which most commonly results from metabolic syndrome on hepatic metabolism (Kneeman et al., 2012). Silybum marianum is known as milk thistle (MT). It is one of the earliest and extensively studied for treating liver diseases. It grows as a stout thistle in areas with rock soils, with large purple-flowering heads. The leaf is characterized by its milky veins, from which the name of plant is derived (Abenavoli et al., 2010). MT is also known as blessed thistle, bull thistle, fructus cardui mariae, fructus silybi mariae, holy thistle, Lady’s milk, Lady’s thistle, marian thistle, St. Mary thistle, mild marian thistle, milk thistle, pternix, Silberdistil, silibinin, silybe, silybon, silybum, silymarin, thistle, and thistle of the Blessed Virgin. It has been used medicinally since the 4th century BC. Ancient practitioners used its extract to treating hepatitis, cirrhosis, and jaundice. Besides that, it is used for protecting the liver of chemical and environmental toxins from snake bites, insect stings, mushroom poisoning and alcohol. Its active component is a lipophilic extract which is derived from its seeds. It consists of three flavonolignan isomer of silymarin (Rambaldi et al., 2005). Silymarin is extracted from dried MT seeds because it exists in higher concentrations compared to other parts of the plant (Abenavoli et al., 2010). The active constituents of silymarin consist of silibinin, isosilybinin, silydianin, and silychristin. Silibinin is the major and most active component in silymarin, at about 60%–70% (Saller et al., 2001). Silymarin is used worldwide for many years as an alternative medicine for treatment of hepatic diseases. It prevents lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radical scavenging and increasing the glutathione (GSH) level. It regulates membrane permeability and increases membrane stability in the presence of xenobiotic damage. Besides that, it also regulates nuclear expression through steroid-like effects. Silymarin inhibits the transformation of stellate hepatocytes into myofibroblasts that mediate the deposition of collagen fibers that lead to liver damage (Polyak et al., 2010; Pradhan and Girish, 2006). Many studies suggest that silymarin has the potential of treating chronic liver diseases, especially NAFLD.
In vitro evaluation of doxorubicin-eluting porous titania microspheres for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2020
Masakazu Kawashita, Shoji Ueno, Shoma Handa, Maiko Furuya, Kotone Yokota, Hiroyasu Kanetaka
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. HCC is also the sixth most common neoplasm and the third most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths [1]. The four major treatments used for combating HCC are (1) hepatic resection, (2) transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), (3) percutaneous therapies such as percutaneous ethanol-injection therapy, percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy, and radiofrequency ablation, and (4) chemotherapy. TACE is a specific type of chemoembolization that blocks the hepatic artery to treat liver cancer [2]. In Japan, TACE is widely performed in 32% of patients with unresectable HCC after the initial diagnosis and in 58% of those with recurrent HCC [3]. Gelatin sponge particles and polyvinyl alcohol microspheres have been used as embolic materials in conventional TACE [4,5]. Prior to embolization of the hepatic artery using embolic materials in conventional TACE, a mixed solution of an imaging agent (such as lipiodol) and an anticancer drug (such as doxorubicin or cisplatin) is injected into the arterial supply closest to the tumor.
Application of recurrent neural network for online prediction of cell density of recombinant Pichia pastoris producing HBsAg
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Ahmad Beiroti, Mohammad Reza Aghasadeghi, Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini, Dariush Norouzian
Production of recombinant therapeutic proteins by using host cells such as bacteria, yeast, and animal cells is one of the key processes in the pharmaceutical industry.[1–4]Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) as a member of methylotrophic yeasts is one of the host cells which has gained attention for biopharmaceuticals production.[5,6] High-expression level, post-translational processing, low cost, protein-free growth medium, and simple scalability are considered as the main advantages of this lower eukaryotic system.[7–10] Recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (r-HBsAg) is one of the well-known approved biomedicine for human use which has been successfully produced by P. pastoris.[11–13] Immunization with HBsAg is the most effective way of preventing HBV infection which may lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).[14–16]
Feature Selection and Instance Selection from Clinical Datasets Using Co-operative Co-evolution and Classification Using Random Forest
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
V. R. Elgin Christo, H. Khanna Nehemiah, J. Brighty, Arputharaj Kannan
HCC starts as chronic hepatitis caused by Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, and Hepatitis D virus which leads to progressive scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) and to primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). HCC dataset was obtained at a University Hospital in Portugal and contains several demographic, risk factors, laboratory, and overall survival features of 165 real patients diagnosed with HCC. This is a heterogeneous dataset with 49 features with 2 class labels where 0 represents the absence of HCC and 1 represents the presence of HCC. The attribute description of the HCC dataset is shown in Table 8.