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Seasonal Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Lineages in Extreme Environments
Published in Suhaib A. Bandh, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbial Diversity, 2023
Nafeesa Farooq Khan, Uzma Zehra, Zafar A. Reshi, Manzoor Ahmad Shah, Tawseef Rehman Baba
Halophiles are microorganisms that commonly flourish along a salty continuum, like salt waters, estuaries/inlets, salt lakes, ponds, brine springs, and brackish waters, etc., with a potential to equilibrate osmotic pressure and tolerate the destabilizing influence of salts (Tiquia-Arashiro et al., 2016). Despite these issues, such ecosystems are intense in the sense that they have restricted microbial diversity arising due to coupled environmental factors, one being hyper-salinity and the others being temperature, pH, low nutrients, or oxygen (Ventosa et al., 2015). Depending on the quantity of salt level present in a habitat, halophiles can be broadly categorized as slight, moderate, or highly halophilic. Moderate halophiles have optimal growth around 3%–5% sodium salt concentration, whereas organisms of high salty habitats luxuriantly grow in 15%–30% sodium salt concentration, and slight halophiles, flourish in 1%–3% sodium salt concentration (Ventosa et al., 2015; Enache et al., 2010; Yin et al., 2015). Halophilic bacteria include members from bacteroides, cyanobacterium, proteobacteria, lactobacillus and sulfur-green bacteria (Tiquia-Arashiro et al., 2016).
Extremophiles for Sustainable Bio-energy Production
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Amit Verma, Tirath Raj, Shulbhi Verma, Varun Kumar, Ruchi Agrawal
Halophiles are the microorganisms that have a requirement of high salt concentration, especially of sodium chloride for their growth. These are found in hypersaline habitats such as salt marshes, salty lakes, salt pans, deep salt mines and coastal and submarine pools (Setati 2010, DasSarma and DasSarma 2015). On the basis of salt concentration tolerance, they are categorized into slight halophiles (2-5% NaC1), moderate halophiles (5-15% NaC1) and extreme halophiles (15-30% NaC1) (Yin et al. 2015). The microorganisms of all three main life domains (archaea, bacteria and eukarya) have the halo tolerance (Quillaguamdn et al. 2010, Yin et al. 2015). To survive in hyper saline environments, these microorganisms have some specific physiological strategies. Haloarchaea or halophilic archaea apply a “salt-in” tactic by KC1 accumulation (equal to surrounding NaC1) within cells’ cytoplasm to counter the high saline environment. The halophilic bacteria and eukaryotes use a “salt-out” strategy to cope with high salt stress. These microorganisms accumulate or synthesize glycine betaine glycerol, ectoine, trehalose and sucrose to balance the high salt concentration of surrounding environments (Roberts et al. 2005, Oren and Mana 2003).
Physiology and Biotechnology of Halophilic Anaerobes for Application to Texas Lignite
Published in Donald L. Wise, Bioprocessing and Biotreatment of Coal, 2017
Sirirat Rengpipat, J. G. Zeikus
Physiological studies on halophilic microorganisms have emphasized the eucaryotic green algae, Dunaliella; the purple bacterium, Halobacterium; and the phototrophic bacterium, Ectothiorhodospira [1,14]. In order to cope with a high external salt environment, halophiles possess unique mechanisms for regulation of internal osmotic pressure. For example, Dunaliella viridis apparently excludes sodium ions and produces a high internal glycerol concentration for osmoregulation. Halobacterium, an archaebacterium, actively accumulates internal potassium ions with sodium ions remaining in high concentrations outside the cell. Halophilic eubacteria, on the other hand, produce high intracellular concentrations of betaine for osmoregulation [6].
Atlantic Forest’s and Caatinga’s semiarid soils and their potential as a source for halothermotolerant actinomycetes and proteolytic enzymes
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Marghuel A. Vieira Silveira, Saara M. Batista dos Santos, Débora Noma Okamoto, Itamar Soares de Melo, Maria A. Juliano, Jair Ribeiro Chagas, Suzan P. Vasconcellos
The response of microorganisms to the presence of high concentrations of salt in the culture medium allows them to balance the osmotic pressure of the environment and grow in the presence and absence of salt which allows them to be characterized as halophiles (AC 02 and 52) and extreme halophiles (AC 01), since they show growth of 0–15% (0–2.5 M) NaCl and 15–25% (2.5–4 M) NaCl, respectively [47]. Al-Awhadi et al. [48] reported that 33% of halophilic oil-utilizing bacteria belonged to Actinobacteria phylum, where the optimum NaCl concentrations were found between 2 and 5%. Torres et al. [49], a protease from a halotolerant Streptomyces spp., showed potential to degrade polymers in biofilms in the pulp and paper industry. In addition, as described for the first time by Parada-Pinilla et al. [50], halotolerant strains from Caatinga (optimum growth 0,6–2,0 M salt concentration) were able to produce biopolymers and are fertile source for polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and xopolysaccharides (EPS).
Bioelectricity production and desalination of Halomonas sp. – the preliminary integrity approach
Published in Biofuels, 2019
R. Uma Maheswari, C. Mohanapriya, P. Vijay, K.S. Rajmohan, M. Gopinath
Halophiles are salt-loving bacteria, and can be classified as slightly halophile, moderately halophile, and extremely halophile based on the concentration of sodium chloride present in the environment. Halophiles are distributed all over the world in hypersaline environments – specifically, natural hypersaline brines in arid, coastal and even deep-sea locations, as well as in artificial salterns used to mine salts from the sea. The novel behavior of these halophiles and the potential for large-scale culturing means halophiles find wide application in biotechnology. Halophiles are distinguished by their need for hypersaline conditions for growth. They may be classified according to their salt requirements: slight halophiles grow optimally at (2–5%) sodium chloride; moderate halophiles grow optimally at (5–20%) sodium chloride; and extreme halophiles grow optimally above (20–30%) sodium chloride. In contrast, non-halophiles grow optimally at less than 2% sodium chloride. Many halophile and halotolerant microorganisms can grow and withstand a high salt concentration with the requirement or tolerance for salts sometimes based on nutritional factors present in the environment [11].