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Industrial Applications of Bacterial Enzymes
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Collagenases isolated from Vibrio alginolyticus, Clostridium histolyticum, and Bacillus cerus were used for skin regeneration [196, 197]. Keratinases isolated from Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Chrysosporiu, B. subtilis, and B. licheniform were used for hair removal [198, 199, 200]. They are utilized to treat different parts like scar tissues and stretch marks and regenerate the epithelial cells to get better healing. Usually, keratin hydrolysates are utilized as topical ointments and creams for the heels, elbows, and knees, offering external smoothness and diminishing the damage of the skin. They also work in the treatment of enzymatic peeling, hair removal, and delaying hair growth. Bacillus licheniformis is an example of commercial keratinase-producing bacteria. SOD and several peroxidases, like glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and lactoperoxidase, work synergistically to remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin as exfoliate. These enzymes also serve as scavengers for free radicals when applied to the skin surface to protect the skin from the harms of free radicals created by ultraviolet light [201].
Functional and Molecular Photoacoustic Tomography of Small-Animal Brains
Published in Lihong V. Wang, Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy, 2017
In the experiment of noninvasive PAT of rat brains, laser light at 605-nm wavelength was applied. The incident light energy density was <3 mJ/cm2 on the skin of the rat head. Adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (~130 g, Charles River Breeding Laboratories) were imaged by using the 10-MHz XMS-310 ultrasonic transducer. Before the experiment, the hair on the head of the rat was removed gently using hair removal lotion. A photoacoustic image of the rat brain in situ acquired non-invasively with the skin and skull intact is shown in Figure 28.3A. The optical absorption is indicated with a gray scale, where the brighter areas—such as the blood vessels—have comparatively higher absorption. Due to the high optical contrast between blood and background brain tissues at the 605-nm wavelength, the blood vessels in the cerebral cortex can be visualized clearly. The photoacoustically imaged vascular structures in the cerebral cortex match well with the counterparts in the open-skull anatomical photograph shown in Figure 28.3B, which was obtained after photoacoustic images were taken.
Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning up and Looking Good
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Recently, a pharmaceutical product for unwanted facial hair was introduced as Vaniqa, by the Gillette Company. As with minoxidil, this potential application was discovered in connection with another study. The active ingredient, eflornithine, is an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme important in certain growth regulation processes. Eflornithine has been evaluated both as an anticancer drug and in the treatment of trypanosomiasis (see Section 18.2.1). The product is FDA-approved for topical facial hair removal as a 13.9% solution in an aqueous vehicle containing glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, cetearyl alcohol, cetareth-20, mineral oil, stearyl alcohol, and dimethicone.10
Tsalli’s Entropy-based Segmentation Method for Accurate Pigmented Skin Lesion Identification
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Ishita Bhakta, Santanu Phadikar, Koushik Majumder, Arkaprabha Sau, Sanjib Chowdhuri
Step 2. Hair removal – After grayscale conversion it is observed that the presence of hair over the skin affects the segmentation procedure. After studying the literature, it is found that a morphological filter may be used to remove hair from acquired images [34]. From the acquired images it is observed that the structure of hair is very thin like a line. For this reason, a line of length 11 (selected experimentally) is considered as structuring element at 0° to 180° direction for eliminating the hair using morphological closing operation. The closing operation is defined mathematically with Equation (2).