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Genetic and Epigenetic Considerations in iPSC Technology
Published in Deepak A. Lamba, Patient-Specific Stem Cells, 2017
Similar to H3K4me3, H3K4me1 is also positively correlated with gene expression and enriched around TSSs (74). Since H3K4me1 is also enriched in distal regulatory sites, H3K4me1 is considered as one of the active enhancer markers.
Adverse health effects and stresses on offspring due to paternal exposure to harmful substances
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Jiaqi Sun, Miaomiao Teng, Fengchang Wu, Xiaoli Zhao, Yunxia Li, Lihui Zhao, Wentian Zhao, Keng Po Lai, Kenneth Mei Yee Leung, John P. Giesy
The classification of specific epigenetic mechanisms of transgenerational effects is summarized in Table S1. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that exposure to chemicals and unhealthy living habits of male parents can also affect the phenotype of offspring through sperm-mediated intergenerational inheritance (Chen et al., 2021). Sperm-mediated intergenerational inheritance, which affects phenotypes of offspring, mainly involves methylation of DNA, small noncoding RNAs and modifications of histones (Sales et al., 2017). Methylation of DNA, traditionally considered as a relatively stable modification, is actually a highly dynamic modification that is regulated by methyltransferases and iterative demethylases. Methylation of DNA can be efficiently replicated on daughter strands by maintenance methyltransferase enzymes such as DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (Barau et al., 2016). Small noncoding RNAs also participate in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs, small noncoding RNAs of 22 nucleotides, bind to mRNA, ultimately inducing its degradation or inhibiting its translation (Esteller, 2011). Meanwhile, modifications of histones tails at multiple sites provide a potent method for regulation of gene expression. Specific markers, such as monomethylation on lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me1), characterize the active recruitment region and transcription initiation region of the transcription complex, usually on the gene promoter (Creyghton et al., 2010).