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Shoulder problems
Published in Richard Graveling, Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the Workplace, 2018
The infraspinatus muscle runs from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula, passes behind the shoulder joint and, like the supraspinatus, attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus (a ridge or bump on the outer part of the humerus) and to part of the shoulder joint capsule. This alignment means that, when contracted, it rotates the humerus outwards (or helps pull the arm back, depending on the actions of other muscles), unless other muscles are holding the arm in place, in which case it pulls on the scapula. As with the supraspinatus, it also assists in stabilising the shoulder joint.
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Musculus infraspinatus occupies infraspinous fossa of scapula which is the origin of this muscle. The distal insertion is at the greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet). It is covered by the trapezius and deltoideus muscles and has a connection medially with teres major and teres minor muscles.
Kinematic changes in the undulatory kicking during underwater swimming
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2023
Santiago Veiga, Xiao Qiu, Alfonso Trinidad, Pablo Suz, Bruno Bazuelo, Enrique Navarro
The experiment took place at the end of the competitive season, one week before their major peak competition, in a 50 m × 25 m indoor swimming pool with a water temperature of 27°C. Before the commencement of the experiment, the swimmer’s joint centres were marked using waterproof adhesive tape of a round shape (25 mm) in order to assist performing the digitisation procedure in a more accurate way. Specifically, the styloid process of the ulna (wrist), greater tubercle of the humerus (shoulder), great trochanter (hip), lateral epicondyle of the femur (knee), lateral malleolus (ankle), and the epiphysis of fifth metatarsal (toe) were identified according to de Leva (1996). After completing a standardised warm-up of approximately 1200 m (including some technical drills, kicking sets, and speed repetitions), swimmers were instructed to perform an all-out repetition of 25 m from a push start at their preferred stroke (butterfly or front-crawl). Swimmers began trials in water with both feet on the wall at approximately 0.5 m below water surface, and no constraint regarding the duration of the glide, underwater kicking, or depth (apart from FINA rules) was given to them. In cases where the FINA points of the swimmer’s personal best time in 100 m butterfly and front-crawl were within 85% of the world record velocity, participants were asked to perform two repetitions of 25 m (one in each stroke) with complete recovery between each effort. In total, 82 trials were recorded (40 for males and 42 for females, 37 front-crawl and 45 butterfly).
A continuous times-series and discrete measure analysis of two individual divers performing the 3½ pike somersault dive
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2023
Cherie Walker, John Warmenhoven, Peter Sinclair, Stephen Cobley
With the respective coach present, divers were instructed to perform their regular dry land warm up and aquatic training routine. Following warm up, two IMUs were adhered bilaterally to the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) with adhesive double-sided tape and secured with adhesive film (OpSiteTM Flexigrid) to minimise IMU relative motion with respect to the PSIS skin artefacts (Forner-Cordero et al., 2008). IMU units were small (22 mm × 34 mm × 10 mm), lightweight (12 g) and non-distracting to divers (Finch et al., 2011). Two IMUs were applied as precaution in case one became dislodged. Neither became dislodged and the signal outputs were in agreement. Dynamic sports tape (Rocktape) was also applied to clearly identify the lateral malleolus of the fibula, middle iliac crest and greater tubercle of the humerus on video footage. Before commencing dives, participants were instructed to stand motionless on the springboard for 2–3 s, followed by a tap to the IMUs prior to initiating a dive approach. The tap created a clear spike in gyroscope data and was visible on the video footage, allowing synchronisation between both systems.
Do swimmers conform to criterion speed during pace-controlled swimming in a 25-m pool using a visual light pacer?
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Tomohiro Gonjo, Carla McCabe, Simon Coleman, Susana Soares, Ricardo J. Fernandes, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, Ross Sanders
Prior to testing, participants were marked on 19 anatomical landmarks using black oil and wax-based cream (Grimas Créme Make Up). The marked anatomical landmarks were: the vertex of the head, acromioclavicular joint, greater tubercle of the humerus (shoulder), olecranon process of ulna (elbow), wrist axis, 3rd distal phalanx (finger), greater trochanter (hip), patella axis (knee), lateral malleolus (ankle), 5th metatarsophalangeal joint, and 1st interphalangeal joint (toe). For the marking on the vertex of the head, a pre-marked white swim cap was used (McCabe & Sanders, 2012). Each participant was captured by digital cameras from front and side view simultaneously to obtain personalised body segment parameter (BSP) data of the participants using the elliptical zone method (Jensen, 1978).