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Dyes for Labeling Organelles and Compartments
Published in Guy Cox, Fundamentals of Fluorescence Imaging, 2019
The Golgi apparatus is the primary site for post-synthetic glycosylation of proteins and lipids. This characteristic is exploited for targeting of both dye-based and FP-fusion labeling of this organelle. NBD and BODIPY ceramides are biosynthetic precursors of glycosphingolipids. Incubation of live cells with NBD ceramide or BODIPY ceramide results in uptake and metabolic conversion to glycosphingolipids in the Golgi. The concentration of accumulated BODIPY ceramide-derived glycosphingolipids results in a shift of the dye emission from green from (515 nm) to red (620 nm) [44]. This effect is useful in color-discriminating Golgi staining from background labeling of other cellular membranes. On the other hand, it presents a potential complication in the interpretation of multiple-label colocalization experiments. Similar emission spectral shifts are generated by BODIPY dye-based probes used in other contexts [42, 44]. The most generic method for labeling the Golgi apparatus in fixed and permeabilized cells and tissues is based on glycoprotein binding by fluorescent conjugates of lectins such as wheat germ agglutinin (WGA).
PPH-Based Dendrimers as HIV Entry Inhibitors
Published in Anne-Marie Caminade, Cédric-Olivier Turrin, Jean-Pierre Majoral, Phosphorus Dendrimers in Biology and Nanomedicine, 2018
Cedric-Olivier Turrin, Muriel Blanzat
Glycosphingolipids are a class of molecules composed of an N-acetylated sphingosine backbone linked to a carbohydrate through its terminal hydroxyl group. These carbohydrate presenting molecules, which are inserted in the lipid membrane of cells, are sometimes key molecular targets for pathogens such as viruses and bacteria [81]. It is the case of HIV for which GalCer and its sulfonated analog SGalCer have been identified as alternative receptors [82–88] for CD4 negative cells such as colonic [88,89] or neuronal cells [87]. GalCer is a glycosphingolipid with a single d-galactose unit connected to a ceramide group composed of d-sphingosine and fatty acid with a hydroxyl group vicinal to the acyl group (Fig. 6.4), and it is not soluble in water.
Lysosomal Storage Disorders and Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) bear the unsaturated amino alcohol sphingosine as a structural motive; a fatty acid residue is linked via its acyl residue to the sphingosine amino group. GSLs have been discovered already more than 100 years ago by Johan L. W. Thudichum (1821-1901) through investigating ethanolic brain extracts. Different GSLs are distinguished via the nature of their head group (X; see the scheme above) and derived from the ceramide scaffolding where X=H. A sphingolipid with X = phosphocholine is a sphingomyelin.
Ceramide pathway: A novel approach to cancer chemotherapy
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Masoud Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Sepide Golmohammad
As noted above, glycosphingolipids with a complex sugar structure mainly play a composition role for the cell membrane, and apart from this, they act as cellular markers and receptors. For example, the toxin of some microbial agents uses gangliosides as a pathogen binding agent to enter the cell [44].