China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Future Drug Discovery
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Felipe Wakasuqui, Ana Leticia Gori Lusa, Sven Falke, Christian Betzel, Carsten Wrenger
Other antibiotic class, glycopeptides, are glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic non-ribosomal peptides that inhibit the cell wall synthesis by binding to the peptidoglycan, and preventing the addition of new subunits (Courvalin, 2006). The most important member of this class, vancomycin, is the first choice treatment for MRSA infection. Several strains have acquired different patterns of resistance by utilizing diverse mechanisms. Intermediate resistance in VISA (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus) might be acquired by combination of mutations in several genes. These mutations seem to favor the production of cell wall and decrease autolysis, conferring them moderate resistance (Hiramatsu et al., 2014a). Strains resistant VRSA (vancomycin-resistant S. aureus) acquired the vanA-transposon from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). The vanA gene complex carries four genes that replace the D-Alanyl-D-Alanine residues of proteoglycan by D-Alanyl-D-lactate, inhibiting the action of vancomycin (Courvalin, 2006). Other glycopeptides as oritavancin and telavancin exhibit a dual mechanism, causing membrane damage, and being useful against resistant strains (Zeng et al., 2016).
Application of Polymer Drugs to Medical Devices and Preparative Medicine
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
M.R. Aguilar, L. García-Fernández, M.L. López-Donaire, F. Parra, L. Rojo, G. Rodríguez, M.M. Fernández, J. San Román
Vancomycin is the prototypical glycopeptide antibiotic, and it remains potent against Gram-positive organisms (e.g., Staphylococcus spp.) commonly encountered in association with indwelling medical devices such as orthopedic hardware, although resistance can occur (Boneca and Chiosis, 2003). Its activity derives from binding d-Ala–d-Ala sequences found at the terminal end of peptidoglycan precursors, that blocks the action of both transglycosylases and transpeptidases by complexing with their substrates and preventing proper cross-linking of peptidoglycan structures, reason why the internalization is not required for its activity (Loll and Axelsen, 2000). Following this rationale, Lawson and coworkers (Lawson et al., 2009) synthesized polymerizable vancomycin derivatives bearing either acrylamide or PEG-acrylate and were tethered from a surface pendant to a polyacrylate backbone through a living radical polymerization, demonstrating that the vancomycin-PEG-acrylate derivatives showed a significant reduction in bacterial colony-forming units (CFU) with respect to nonfunctionalized control surfaces.
Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus: a Review
Published in Megh R Goyal, Sustainable Biological Systems for Agriculture, 2018
Divya Lakshminarayanan, Jessen George, Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
The antibiotics in glycopeptides category include vancomycin and teicoplanin. In South India vancomycin resistance was above 50% and the highest resistance was registered for Tamil Nadu (83.33%). teicoplanin resistance was reported for the state of Andhra Pradesh (48.93%) in South India (Fig. 8.4).
High-throughput profiling the effects of zinc on antibiotic resistance genes in the anaerobic digestion of swine manure
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Ranran Zhang, Chenpan Gong, Menglong Liu, Liuyuan Zhou, Haifeng Zhuang, Zhijun Hu
It is generally accepted that the animal manure produced on large-scale farms is the main reservoir for ARGs due to the utilization of antibiotics and heavy metals in feed. Qian et al. [26] comprehensively analyzed the diversity of ARGs in livestock and poultry manure on three large-scale farms, and found as many as 134 ARGs, where 120 were detected in swine manure (mainly aminoglycoside, tetracycline, MLSB and beta-lactamase resistance genes). In the present study, high-throughput qPCR also detected abundant and diverse ARGs (118) in domestic manure produced by pigs without antibiotic or heavy metal treatment in their feed. The presence of these ARGs was probably due to the presence in the diet of domestic pigs of substances that promote bacterial resistance to contaminants, such as residues of recalcitrant pesticides in leftovers. The detected antibiotics covered 11 ARG types, including the main types of antibiotics used to treat human and animal diseases, and the spread of these ARGs could potentially threaten public health and safety. For example, vancomycin is a glycopeptide and an important antibiotic for clinical applications because it is considered the ‘last line of defense’ for humans [27,28]. In the present study, vancomycin resistance genes were detected in the anaerobic product obtained from fermented pig manure, where vanYD was the most abundant. Fortunately, zinc did not significantly enhance the abundances of vancomycin resistance genes. In addition, the number of multidrug resistance genes was highest, followed by aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and MLSB ARGs, but aminoglycoside resistance genes were the most abundant, followed by tetracycline, multidrug, and sulphonamide resistance genes. The relative abundances of aminoglycoside ARGs accounted for about 75% of the total resistance genes, mainly because aminoglycosides are highly efficient, wide spectrum antibiotics with high usage [29]. Qiao et al. [3] found that tetracycline, sulphonamide, and quinolone antibiotics had a high detection rate in livestock and poultry manure. Tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance genes were detected at high frequencies in the present study.