China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
31P
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Exercise protocol. Three main types of exercise that differ in the ATP synthesis pathways during exercise can be implemented, depending on the goal of the study: Ischemic exercise: The blood/oxygen supply is cut off during ischemic exercise, oxidative ATP synthesis is negligible, and glycolysis is the only source of ATP production.Pure aerobic exercise under steady-state conditions or during work: The contribution of glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen to glucose) is negligible and the oxidative pathway is the only source of ATP production.Mixed exercise: Both pathways (oxidative and glycogenolytic) contribute to total ATP production.
Medicinal Plants in Natural Health Care as Phytopharmaceuticals
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Studies have demonstrated the hypoglycaemic action and effects of coriander on carbohydrate metabolism. The effect of coriander seeds on carbohydrate metabolism was studied in rats that were fed with a fat-rich cholesterol diet. The spice exhibited noteworthy hypoglycemic action. There was an increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen as was evident from the increased activity of glycogen synthase. Activities of glycogen phosphorylase and gluconeogenic enzymes revealed decreased rates of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The increased activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycolytic enzymes suggest the utilization of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis. These observations clearly indicated that coriander seeds demonstrate good hypoglycemic activity through enhanced glycogenesis, glycolysis and decreased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (Aissaoui et al., 2011).
Bioartificial organs
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
The basic functional cellular units of the liver are called the hepatocytes. Each hepatocyte is about 25 μm in diameter, and there are close to 250 billion of them in the human liver, accounting for 75% of the liver volume. The hepatocytes are metabolically very active and provide an incredible variety of functions. Their role in carbohydrate metabolism includes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen and the release of this stored form of glucose (glycogenolysis) when blood glucose levels are low. In addition, the liver converts other sugars such as galactose and fructose to glucose. If blood glucose levels are low and the glycogen stores are also depleted, then the liver performs a process known as gluconeogenesis wherein glucose is synthesized from amino acids.
Stress, growth, cytokines and histopathological effects of permethrin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Kenan Erdoğan, Gül Nihal Örün, Nuh Korkmaz, Belda Erkmen, Hüseyin Polat, Arzu Doğru, Mehmet İlker Doğru, İbrahim Örün
The increase in blood glucose level is a rapid response to the stress that the fish are exposed to sublethal and acute pollutants [65]. Because the increase in blood glucose level is a response of carbohydrate metabolism disorder due to physicochemical stress. It is well known that pesticide contaminants stimulate the adrenal gland, resulting in increased levels of glucocorticoids and catecholamines [69]. Cholinesterase inhibition by the effect of the pesticide causes excessive secretion of cortisol. Also, the primary stress response in fish requires activation of the HPI axis and the release of ACTH, which stimulates the interrenal cells to synthesise and release cortisol. Cortisol secreted as a result of these events stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose by glycogenolysis in the liver. Thus, physiological responses to meet the energy crisis of under stressed fish emerge. Therefore, CORT plays a functional role in activating energy in fish [70].
Cow's milk as a post-exercise recovery drink: implications for performance and health
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Lewis J. James, Emma J. Stevenson, Penny L. S. Rumbold, Carl J. Hulston
Alongside muscle glycogenolysis, exercise, at least in the absence of substantial carbohydrate ingestion, induces liver glycogenolysis, meaning resynthesis might be necessary post-exercise (Gonzalez, Fuchs, Betts & van Loon, 2016). Although research in this area is limited, it appears that the type of carbohydrate ingested might influence the liver glycogen resynthesis response (Decombaz et al., 2011). Galactose, one of the monosaccharides that makes up the milk sugar lactose is preferentially metabolised by the liver (Gonzalez et al., 2016). Indeed, post-exercise liver glycogen resynthesis following galactose ingestion is increased compared to glucose ingestion and similar compared to fructose ingestion (Decombaz et al., 2011). Therefore, as well as providing substrate for muscle glycogen resynthesis, ingestion of milk post-exercise might also provide a preferential substrate to enhance/accelerate liver glycogen resynthesis, particularly if it replaces glucose in the recovery diet.
Closed-loop insulin delivery: current status of diabetes technologies and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Mitigating hypoglycaemia burden and improving postprandial performance has prompted evaluation of co-administration of glucagon for the former or amylin for the latter, alongside insulin, in dual-hormone CLS [9]. Glucagon is produced by the pancreas and is a counter-regulatory hormone which prevents hypoglycaemia by converting hepatic glycogen stores to glucose (glycogenolysis) [73]. El-Khatib et al. compared dual-hormone CLS with usual care (SAP or CSII alone) in adults with T1D and showed that dual-hormone CLS resulted in significant reductions in mean glucose and time spent hypoglycaemic [74]. In a randomized three-way crossover trial in adults, dual-hormone CLS was compared with single-hormone CLS and SAP. The primary outcome (time spent <4 mmol/L) was significantly reduced by both dual-hormone and single-hormone CLS compared to SAP. A greater reduction in the primary outcome was observed by dual-hormone CLS when compared to single-hormone CLS, but did not reach statistical significance [75]. Similar findings have also been seen in the pre-adolescent and adolescent cohorts [76,77]. Results from these and other day-and-night dual-hormone CLS studies are summarized in Table 1.