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Nanotechnology Applications in Nanomedicine: Prospects and Challenges
Published in Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Kamli, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Hesham F. Alharby, Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in the Biological Sciences, 2022
Arpita Dey, Smhrutisikha Biswal, Somaiah Sundarapandian
Since the discovery of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) in 2012, gene editing has gained extensive research momentum. The CRISPR-Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a recently developed gene-editing tool, a technology inspired by bacteria for new treatment of genetic diseases or disorders. CRISPR is composed of a scissor-like protein called Cas9, and a guide RNA molecule called sgRNA. The sgRNA guides the Cas9 protein to reach the target gene in the nucleus to edit the mistakes with the host cells’ repair system’s help. But to deliver the gene-clipping tool CRISPR-Cas9 in the cytosol and then to the nucleus across the cell membrane directly and effectively overcoming the cell’s defense system is a significant challenge (Mout et al., 2017). In a recent report, CRISPR/Cas9-ribonucleoprotein (Cas9-RNP)-based genome editing was able to specifically target gene and avoid integrational mutagenesis (Mout et al., 2017). The study found that Cas9–sgRNA complex coengineered with the cationic arginine gold nanoparticles (ArgNPs) showed high efficiency (∼90%) toward direct cytoplasmic and nuclear delivery besides approximately 30% gene editing efficiency. The Cas9 protein was also designed with an atomic sequence to release the inside nucleus by tweaking the Cas9 protein, and the delivery process was real-time monitored using advanced microscopy.
Application of CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing Tools for the Improvement of Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Pankaj Bhowmik, Md. Mahmudul Hassan, Kutubuddin Molla, Mahfuzur Rahman, M. Tofazzal Islam
Genome editing is a technique which generates site-specific insertions, deletions, or substitutions in the genomes of living cellular organisms (Doudna and Charpentier, 2014). It relies on programmable nucleases to cleave DNA, with cellular DNA repair processes inducing desired mutations. Depending on the DNA repair pathway used, mutations can be random or targeted. Genome editing technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) allow targeted modification of almost any crop genome sequence to generate novel variation and accelerate breeding efforts. This system relies on the ability of short sequences called guide RNA (gRNA) to guide CRISPR-Cas nuclease to cleave target sites and produce site-specific DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), leading to genome modifications during the repair process (Xing et al., 2014; Adli, 2018). The CRISPR-Cas system has already been successfully used for the improvement of plant traits in multiple plant species (Haque et al., 2018).
The Current State of Non-Viral Vector–Based mRNA Medicine Using Various Nanotechnology Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Kshama Patel, Preetam Dasika, Yashwant V. Pathak
Genome editing is also known gene editing, as it allows scientists to change an individual’s DNA with the help of up-and-coming advanced technology. Genome editing is when genetic material is altered in some manner, including but not limited to the addition and removal of genetic material.21 One specific genome editing system that has been developed is the CRISPR method.21 The most recent study used CRISPR-Cas9, which stands for CRISPR-associated protein 9. CRISPR-Cas9 is a better alternative than the other genome editing programs because it uses advanced technology that is fast, cheap, and more accurate and efficient.21
Posthumanism: Creation of ‘New Men’ Through Technological Innovation
Published in The New Bioethics, 2021
Genome editing is intended to alter the biophysical characteristics (phenotype) by introducing changes in the DNA sequence (genotype); genome changes are effected by inserting, deleting, modifying or replacing specific DNA segments of the genome either in somatic or germline cells. Clinical applications of genetic changes to somatic cells to treat cancer and prevent monogenic human diseases have been used during the past several decades. Although considerable progress has been achieved in the last years in genome editing and a small number of clinical trials are under way (Ishii 2016) only a few have been approved as therapies (Reeves 2016). Currently, the great interest in this therapeutic approach is reflected in the programme Somatic Cell Genome Editing launched by National Institutes of Health to accelerate the development safer and more effective genome-editing tools (Perry et al. 2018).
Gene doping: Present and future
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Rebeca Araujo Cantelmo, Alessandra Pereira da Silva, Celso Teixeira Mendes-Junior, Daniel Junqueira Dorta
In the last years, genome editing has advanced as a therapeutic modality, mainly in clinical trials and product development approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and EMA (European Medicines Agency). For example, the FDA has approved clinical trials that use the ZFN technique for in vivo insertion of therapeutic genes in hepatocytes for hemophilia B, mucopolysaccharidosis I, and mucopolysaccharidosis II (Dunbar et al., 2018). This rapid progress and the achievement of positive results, higher efficacy, and safe data from genome editing research can pave the way for heritable human germline editing in an even more distant future (Dunbar et al., 2018). Because of that, renowned scientists involved in the gene-editing field have recently proposed a moratorium on all clinical uses of human germline editing (Lander et al., 2019)
Transhumanist Genetic Enhancement: Creation of a ‘New Man’ Through Technological Innovation
Published in The New Bioethics, 2021
Transhumanists predict that future generations will be born with fewer genetic vulnerabilities to disease and with genetic enhancements that will make individuals more fit and intelligent than ever before (Heine 2017). Genetic engineering to enhance the human organism is one of the central technological options for effecting this change. A key technological tool in a program of genetic enhancement is editing the human genome in ways that will bring about the traits sought by individuals. Genome editing refers to a variety of methods for changing the genome in animals, plants, bacteria, etc. To assess the transhumanist program, it is necessary to review current knowledge of genotype-phenotype relations and techniques developed to introduce changes in the genome.