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Biotechnology and Flood-Resistant Rice
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
Saima Aslam, Nadia Gul, Shabana Aslam, Saeid Eslamian
Rice is considered one of the model systems to study genomes of cereals due to its characteristic features comprising 430 Mb genome size and the availability of complete genome sequence (Shimamoto and Kyozuka, 2002; Delseny et al., 2001; Arumuganathan and Earle, 1991; Yu et al., 2002; Goff et al., 2002; Feng et al., 2002). Rice is first among the food crops whose whole genome sequence is available (Sasaki et al., 2002). Translating genomics for crop betterment, resulted in the development of rice as a model system. Genomic research is that which involves understanding the genetic architecture and function, like deciphering the genetics behind the quantitative inheritance of traits in the relevant field environment using quantitative trait locus mapping and linkage distribution mapping. These two approaches are very useful in plant breeding (Flint-Garcia et al., 2003; Paterson, 2002; Remington et al., 2001). Moreover, molecular techniques provide the insight view of genetically different plants via high resolution of genetic differences like the mapped molecular markers. Marker-based selection includes RFLP, SSR, or SNP-tagged QTLs that allow rapid identification of complementary parts of a complex character of an individual (Yamamoto et al., 2000; Zheng et al., 2000). QTL-based markers are important in deciphering the crossing of feasible individuals to produce the recombinant of choice. RFLP and SSR markers were used in the monitoring of ingression brown planthopper resistance from O. officinalis, bacterial blight resistance from O. longistaminata, aluminum tolerance or quantity and quality trait from wild rice into O. sativa (Kochert et al., 1990; Ronald et al., 1992; Septiningsih et al., 2003a, 2003b). So, marker-based techniques offer a new and efficient tool for crop improvement (Takeuchi et al., 2003).
The AGTR2 rs11091046 (A>C) polymorphism and power athletic status in top-level Brazilian athletes
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
João Paulo Limongi França Guilherme, Mariana Sussi Silva, Rômulo Bertuzzi, Antonio Herbert Lancha Junior
In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed in a representative cohort of top-level Brazilian athletes that the AGTR2 rs11091046 A-allele was associated with power athletic status, especially in international-level athletes. Furthermore, male sprinters with the A-allele showed significantly faster personal best times for the 100 m than those with the C-allele. This suggests that carriers of the minor allele (A-allele in males and A/A genotype in females) may possess some molecular advantage in developing muscle strength and power traits. Further studies are required to better determine the biological implication of this association. Nonetheless, the genetic architecture of athletic performance encompasses a number of other variants (e.g., other variants in the RAS genes) and complex gene–gene and gene–environment interactions which remain unclear. Thus, the results of this study should be interpreted with caution and cannot be useful for talent identification or training prescription.
Transhumanist Genetic Enhancement: Creation of a ‘New Man’ Through Technological Innovation
Published in The New Bioethics, 2021
Single–nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are variations in an individual nucleotide building blocks of DNA sequences; ordinarily, they do not have an effect on health or development. In humans, they occur throughout the genome with an average frequency of one every 300 nucleotides. Reverse genetics genome-wide association studies (GWAS) assess connections between traits and SNP used as DNA markers that may help to establish an individual’s likelihood to develop a specific trait. These studies have become a powerful tool for investigating the genetic architecture of human disease and have succeeded in identifying phenotype-associated genetic markers in genomes where genetic variant nucleotides that introduce changes in the sequence are present (Bush and Moore 2012).
Understanding the fundamentals of microbial remediation with emphasize on metabolomics
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Vaishnavi Jeevanandam, Jabez Osborne
Quantitative genetics is regarded as the black box to reveal the genes associated with the complex based on the polygenic hypothesis. This strategy, which follows the mendel’s law could not independently delete the genes. To overcome this, advancement in molecular techniques shows the complexity of the genes inside the black box more accurately how genes act to phenotypic differentiation. Quantitative genetics can also be used to retrieve the absolute genetic architecture of the gene with its loci which affect the variation environmentally, economically and medically.[32]