China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
in vitro studies and clinical trials
Published in Ze Zhang, Mahmoud Rouabhia, Simon E. Moulton, Conductive Polymers, 2018
Several studies have shown that cells involved in wound healing migrate toward the anode or cathode of an EF (known as galvanotaxis) delivered into the cell cultures (Yang et al. 1984; Nishimura et al. 1996; Sheridan et al. 1996). Macrophages, which are important during the inflammatory wound healing phase, migrate toward the anode (Yang et al. 1984), and neutrophils migrate toward both the anode and cathode (Nishimura et al. 1996; Sheridan et al. 1996). There has been considerable support for the notion that fibroblasts migrate toward the cathode (Bourguignon and Bourguignon 1987; Bourguignon et al. 1986). Exogenously applied electrical fields of the same magnitude as in mammalian wounds direct the migration of human keratinocytes toward the cathode (Bourguignon et al. 1986). Mertz et al. (1993) used monophasic PC in an ovine model to assess epidermal cell migration macroscopically for 7 days following two 30-min sessions. They demonstrated that wounds treated with the cathode on day 0, followed by the anode on days 1–7, demonstrated 20% greater epithelialization than wounds treated with either positive or negative polarity alone. Eberhardt et al. (1986) investigated the effects of exogenous ES on cell composition in human skin and found that 69% of 500 cells counted 6 h post-ES were neutrophils, compared with 45% found for control wounds. The authors suggested that the difference in neutrophil percentage was due to the galvanotaxic effect by the currents.
Bioelectrical coordination of cell activity toward anatomical target states
Published in David M. Gardiner, Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology, 2017
Celia Herrera-Rincon, Justin Guay, Michael Levin
Some of the most detailed molecular work in developmental bioelectricity was done to address galvanotaxis (McCaig et al. 2005, Pullar and Isseroff 2005, Pullar et al. 2006, Rajnicek et al. 2006, 2007)—the migration of cells in electric fields, with particular relevance to wound healing (Zhao 2009, Kucerova et al. 2011) and embryonic development (Yamashita 2013, Yamashita et al. 2013). Breaking the epidermis results in a wound electrical field in rodents and humans in the order of 100–200 mV/mm (Barker et al. 1982, Nuccitelli et al. 2011), which directs nerve regeneration and healing (Song et al. 2004). Human keratinocytes migrate directionally in electric fields, as do rat cornea cells (Nishimura et al. 1996, Lois et al. 2010, Kucerova et al. 2011, Saltukoglu et al. 2015). More recently, macrophages were observed to move in accordance with physiological electric fields of 150 mV/mm and to increase their phagocytic activity, thereby connecting bioelectricity to inflammation, another key factor in regeneration (Hoare et al. 2015).
Fish stocking for recreational angling is culpable for the poor condition of many English lakes designated for conservation purposes
Published in Inland Waters, 2022
Eleanor R. Skeate, Martin R. Perrow, Mark L. Tomlinson, Genevieve Madgwick, Andrew J. P. Harwood, David Ottewell, Richard Berridge, Ian J. Winfield
At each lake, PASE broadly followed the methods of Zambrano et al. (2006). In brief, pulsed direct current electric fishing equipment powered by a 1.1 KV generator and set at 50 Hz to deliver ∼1 amp was deployed from a 3 m fiberglass dinghy. A 3 m anode with a 40 cm ring was employed at a distance at which the voltage gradient was reduced to 0.12 V, representing the limit of effective galvanotaxis to the anode (Lamarque 1990), measured with a voltmeter prior to sampling. This method determined the effective area around the anode (Copp and Peñáz 1988), which ranged from 0.61 to 1.09 m2 (mean 0.95 m2) according to the standard 2-dimensional area measure adopted in quantitative fish density estimation.