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Microbial Valorization of Food Industry Wastes for Production of Nutraceutical Molecules
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
K. Ranjitha, Vijay Rakesh Reddy, Harinder Singh Oberoi
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are important prebiotics synthesized conventionally from lactose by a special enzyme called β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). β-galactosidases are very commonly produced enzymes across microbial groups. This enzyme hydrolytically splits the lactose as well as catalyzes transgalactosylation to produce galactooligosaccharides (Prenosil et al., 1987). Instead of using pure enzymes, GOS production through microbial cell factories is explored. Recently, GOS production from dairy effluents using mixed cultures of Bacillus singularis and Saccharomyces sp. was patented in the USA (US9139856B2—process for the production of galactooligosaccharides [GOS], Google Patents). The system is claimed to have more economic advantage by making possible the repeated use of cell biomass and by obtaining pure GOS without interference from galactose.
Current Trends in the Biotechnical Production Fructooligosaccharides
Published in A. K. Haghi, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, Lionello Pogliani, Devrim Balköse, Francisco Torrens, Omari V. Mukbaniani, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2017
Orlando De La Rosa, Diana B. Muñiz Márquez, Jorge E. Wong Paz, Raúl Rodríguez, Rosa Ma. Rodríguez, Juan C. Contreras, Cristóbal Aguilar
A prebiotic is a food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of “probiotics” bacteria and thus improves host health. Prebiotics are shortchain carbohydrates which are not digested by human digestive enzymes and selectively stimulate the activity of certain groups of beneficial bacteria for the body.13 In the intestine, prebiotics are fermented by beneficial bacteria to produce short-chain fatty acid (SCFA). Prebiotics also have many other health benefits, such as reduce risk of suffering cancer of the large intestine and increase absorption of calcium and magnesium. Among the best-known prebiotics are carbohydrates, particularly oligosaccharides such as galactooligosaccharides (GOS), maltooligosaccharides, FOS, xylooligosaccharides, inulin, and hydrolysates.12
Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metals
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Ashfaque Hossain, Muhammad Manjurul Karim, Tania Akter Jhuma, Godfred A. Menezes
Prebiotics have a protective effect against HMs. Dietary supplementation of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) can be considered as a potentially protective prebiotic that can benefit the host by regulating the microenvironment of the gut to maintain gut microbiota homeostasis (Zhai et al., 2019). Prebiotic such as oligofructose has a protective role against arsenic-induced alteration in the gastrointestinal microbiome (Starr, 2011). The combination of prebiotic and probiotic could therefore play important roles in controlling the modulation of gut microbiome by HMs.
Effects of 24-week prebiotic intervention on self-reported upper respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and markers of immunity in elite rugby union players.
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
C. Parker, K.A. Hunter, M.A. Johnson, G.R. Sharpe, G.R. Gibson, G.E. Walton, C. Poveda, B. Cousins, N.C. Williams
Prebiotics are substrates that are selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit (Gibson et al., 2017). Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are a prebiotic derived from the action of the enzyme β-galactosidase on lactose and provide an alternative to probiotics. Moreover, prebiotics tend to act at the genus level thereby overcoming species variability that exists with probiotics. Bimuno-galactooligosaccharides (B-GOS) have been shown to increase the count and activity of the genus Bifidobacterium (Depeint et al., 2008; Vulevic et al., 2008) and elicit immunomodulatory effects as shown by reductions in proinflammatory cytokines (C-reactive protein and interleukin-1β) in elderly, overweight, asthmatic, and healthy individuals (Vulevic et al., 2013; Vulevic et al., 2015; Williams et al., 2016). GOS has also previously been shown to reduce the number of URS days, and severity of GIS in a student cohort (Hughes et al., 2011) and reduce incidence of travellers’ diarrhoea (Drakoularakou et al., 2010; Hasle et al., 2017). Whether similar improvements can be replicated in elite rugby union players is currently unknown.