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Forensic DNA Profiling and Molecular Identification of Infectious Pathogens
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
D. E. Agbonlahor, M. Y. Tatfeng, Ifeoma B. Enweani-Nwokelo, Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, E. A. Brisibe, Francisca Nwaokorie, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, A. O. Eremwanarue, F. E. Oviasogie, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, G. S. George
The scientific world is not unaware of the rising danger of multiple drug-resistant (AMR) bacterial isolates which usually render our routine antibiotic regime ineffective against bacterial infection. Ehiaghe and her colleagues (2017) utilized a number of molecular techniques to detect various antibiotic-resistant genes from isolates of surgical wound infections. The role of plasmid DNA in bacterial resistance cannot be overemphasized, and in line with this fact, we had carried out investigation using our local facilities to ascertain the role of plasmid DNA fluoroquinolone AMR bacteria isolates (Ehiaghe et al., 2013); the role of molecular and phenotypic profiling for identification of bacterial pathogens and detection of resistance markers (Oviasogie et al., 2013; Ezeonu et al., 2018; Agbo et al., 2019); genotyping of Fusobacterium nucleatum, an anaerobe associated with oral infections (Nwaokorie et al., 2012); methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from handrails, mobile phones, and automated teller machine (Oviasogie et al., 2014); and plasmid profile of multiple drug-resistant isolates from surgical wound site (Ehiaghe et al., 2016). DNA sequencing technique was recently used in the identification of a novel bacterial isolate named Cedecea davisae strain CF26, belonging to a genus which was lately admitted as a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Agbonlahor et al., 2018). The authors however inferred that this isolate is rarely incriminated in human infections.
Biomaterial, Host, and Microbial Interactions
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Successive glucose pulses lead to amplified changes in the microflora, and a progressively greater degree and rate of acid production. The findings from this study suggest that the shifts in the metabolism and composition of the microflora in the oral cavity may result from the pH generated from carbohydrate metabolism, rather than carbohydrate availability (Bradshaw et al. 1989). Another nine-membered community of oral bacteria that has been used to investigate biofilm formation using a constant-depth film fermenter consisted of Neisseria subflava A1 078, Veillonella dispar ATCC 17748, Lactobacillus casei AC 413, Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953, Actinomyces viscosus WVU 627, Porphyromonas gingivalis W 50, Streptococcus oralis EF 186, Streptococcus gordonii NCTC 7865, and Streptococcus mutans R9 (Kinniment et al. 1996).
Microengineered Models of Human Gastrointestinal Diseases
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Woojung Shin, Landon A. Hackley, Hyun Jung Kim
To recapitulate the pathophysiological microenvironment of GI diseases, essential components of illness should be considered in a defined 3D structure. The intestinal epithelium is the most critical component to build an intestinal mucosal microenvironment, where an intact epithelial barrier forms two compartments: a luminal and an abluminal (i.e., lamina propria, capillaries, or mesenchyme) side. Because the GI tract is continuously exposed to the external environment, a physical barrier is necessary to protect the body from foreign invaders (Peterson and Artis 2014). Since barrier dysfunction prevalently occurs in most GI diseases (Turner 2009), demonstrating the integrity of the epithelial barrier function in a model is the first and foremost prerequisite for mimicking a GI disease. Both innate and adaptive immune cells are necessary components for inducing immune responses that are involved in GI diseases (Mowat and Agace 2014). An imbalanced population of the commensal gut microbes (i.e., dysbiosis) plays a crucial role in the initiation and pathogenesis of GI diseases (Round and Mazmanian 2009). Dysbiosis is remarkably implicated in IBD (Tamboli et al. 2004) and colorectal cancer (Sobhani et al. 2011). Furthermore, specific bacteria are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of certain GI diseases, such as Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer (Uemura et al. 2001) and Fusobacterium nucleatum in CRC (Mima et al. 2016). Thus, human microbiome must be taken into account to accurately model GI diseases.
A simple AI-enabled method for quantifying bacterial adhesion on dental materials
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2022
Hao Ding, Yunzhen Yang, Xin Li, Gary Shun-Pan Cheung, Jukka Pekka Matinlinna, Michael Burrow, James Kit-Hon Tsoi
This study concluded that the AI tool (Fuji Trainable Weka Segmentation (TWS) plug-in) was able to measure the early stages of bacterial adhesion on dental materials with situations of (A) Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n.) on zirconia for 1, 7 and 24 h, and (B) Streptococcus mutans (S.m.) on nano-structured PMMA for 1, 24, 72, and 168 h(s), by direct quantifying the initial bacteria counts, i.e. occupied areas, from the respective SEM images. A new colonized area-time relationship about bacteria-zirconia was found, and the SEM images provided a closely match with CLSM results on PMMA.
Dual functional carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite from Pinctada maxima and egg-white for bone tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Diana Julaidy Patty, Ari Dwi Nugraheni, Ika Dewi Ana, Yusril Yusuf
The antibacterial activity of CHA/S and CHA-S10 was conducted by disk diffusion method and replicated four times. The CHA nanocomposites antibacterial activity against four types of bacteria, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) as gram-negative, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as gram-positive, which are regularly found in patients with periodontitis.