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Food Safety and Principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCPs)
Published in Titus De Silva, Integrating Business Management Processes, 2020
Foodborne biological hazards are microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Most foodborne illnesses are caused by pathogenic bacteria, and microorganisms are commonly associated with humans and with raw products entering the food establishment. Many of them occur in the environment where food is grown. Viruses can be foodborne/waterborne or transmitted by human, animal or other contact. They survive on living cells and cannot replicate in food but can be carried by it. Parasites are host-specific and can include humans in their life cycle. They are present in under-cooked meat products or contaminated ready-to-eat food. Fungi include moulds and yeasts, and some of them are beneficial. Some produce mycotoxins which are toxic to humans and animals (FAO, 1998). The factors that affect the microbial growth in foods are summarised in Table 14.7 (Hamad, 2012).
Microorganisms
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Fungi are eukaryotic micro- or macro-organisms. They assimilate only the chemical energy of organic substances selectively transported into the cell through the cell membrane. The typical diameter of the cell is about 10 μm. Cells often are combined in branched filaments, called hyphae, which then combine in a network called a mycelium. Unicellular fungi are called yeasts (Figure 1.4).
Disinfectants and Biocides
Published in Jeanne Moldenhauer, Disinfection and Decontamination, 2018
The ideal sporicidal agent will effectively kill the following: Bacteria – Gram-positive and Gram-negative.Fungi including fungal spores, molds, and yeast.Enveloped and naked viruses (where required).Bacterial spores.
Development of nanoemulsion gel based formulation of terbinafine for the synergistic antifungal activity: Dermatokinetic experiment for investigation of epidermal terbinafine deposition enhancement
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Prabhu Raut, Shobhit Kumar, Babar Iqbal, Javed Ali, Sanjula Baboota
Superficial cutaneous infections caused by Candida species, Malassezia species, dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte (dermatomycoses) are the most common fungal infectious diseases that affect large number of human population (20–25%) across the world.[1] It shows a major public health problem in countries with hot and humid climate. There are many oral and topical antifungal agents available for the treatment of fungal infections. Topical treatment offers several benefits such as targetability, requirement of low dose, improvement in patient compliance, avoidance of first pass metabolism and minimal drug related toxicities.[2] But in case of topical antifungal treatment the efficacy of treatment depends on the skin penetration and effective drug concentration in different skin layers.[3]
Microbes induced biofabrication of nanoparticles: a review
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Devendra Kumar Golhani, Ayush Khare, Gopal Krishna Burra, Vikas Kumar Jain, Jagannadha Rao Mokka
Fungi are the members of a group of eukaryotic organisms, which lack in chlorophyll, leaves, true stem, and roots, reproduced by spores, and live as saprotrophs or parasites. The group includes molds, mildews, rusts, and mushrooms.[93] Biosynthesis of nanoparticles utilizing fungi, known as mycosynthesis, is a popular route due to good monodispersity, well-defined dimensions, different chemical compositions, sizes and large production of synthesized NPs. Some common fungi successfully employed for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles are Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Trichothecium sp., Penicillium sp., and Trichoderma sp. mostly from the phyla Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Phycomycetes.
Fungal burden exposure assessment in podiatry clinics from Ireland
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Carla Viegas, Ann Marie Coggins, Tiago Faria, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Anita Quintal Gomes, Raquel Sabino, Cristina Verissimo, Nigel Roberts, David Watterson, Claire MacGilchrist, Gerard T.A. Fleming
Superficial fungal infections are amongst the most common human infections (Havlickova et al. 2008). Dermatophytes, also known as the ringworm fungi, can cause infections of skin and nails. Their route of transmissions can either be through direct contact of the infected patient or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. Trichophyton rubrum and T. interdigitale (formerly identified as T. mentagrophytes) are the most common dermatophytes species isolated from toenails (Seebacher et al. 2008). Therefore, screening for the presence of dermatophytes in podiatric clinics is required to ensure that work procedures are strict enough to avoid spreading of such infections to other patients or to the podiatrist.