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Modalities for Decoding Human Brain Activity
Published in Huansheng Ning, Liming Chen, Ata Ullah, Xiong Luo, Cyber-Enabled Intelligence, 2019
The modality of brain decoding is the mode in which the data of the brain is recorded. The primary goal of researchers in neuroscience is to understand the workings of the human brain. For this purpose human data is required. Different non-invasive functional neuroimaging techniques are used; the most common are functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG). All these techniques are able to record concurrent brain activity directly or indirectly against the presented stimulus to the subjects. The underlying mental process can be extracted through a relation between the category of the stimulus and the pattern of recorded signal. There are different approaches to analyze the relationship between stimuli and brain activity, but the one based on predicting the stimulus from the concurrent brain recording is called brain decoding. Brain decoding started more than a decade ago [8], when a neuroscientist observed that there is a lot of untapped information during brain scanning. These brain scans were taken through fMRI. After that a large amount of research was done in fMRI and it became the best modality in this field as it has very good spatial resolution. However in recent years, other modalities like EEG and MEG are also used in this field.
Introduction
Published in Munsif Ali Jatoi, Nidal Kamel, Brain Source Localization Using EEG Signal Analysis, 2017
Studies in neuroscience are performed to understand the activation of neurons in the brain, which leads to cognitive processes. This process of understanding brain activation is a very complex and multidisciplinary phenomenon because it involves the combination of neuroscience (intense study of brain anatomy revealing connections and dynamic interactions between synaptic micro sources) and deep-applied mathematical skills for brain signaling and an imaging approach specialized for neuroimaging. As a result, several methods have been developed to analyze brain activity by taking advantage of the combined features provided by the described disciplines. Therefore, the techniques that are used for the study of brain activity with various features are termed functional neuroimaging techniques. These neuroimaging techniques analyze electromagnetic signals generated in the brain, which are responsible for brain activation during various activities. Based on various parameters, such as ease of use, availability, resolution, and computational complexity, the most popular neuroimaging approaches used for clinical and research purposes are MEG, EEG, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and near-infrared spectroscopy. Each method has specific properties related to temporal and spatial resolution, and thus has different modalities and clinical applications.
Pain Assessment Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Kambiz Pourrezaei, Ahmad Pourshoghi, Zeinab Barati, Issa Zakeri
Functional neuroimaging is a term used for the study of human brain function to understand the physiology, functional architecture, and dynamics of the brain. Neuroimaging uses various techniques to directly or indirectly image the structure or function of the brain or to monitor the activities in certain brain areas. Some methods of neuroimaging record intracellular effects of neural activities, including changes in membrane potential or electrical and magnetic fields that are induced by ion fluxes (mainly Na+, K+, Cl–, and Ca2+) across a neuron’s membrane. Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) directly measure electric current and magnetic field changes secondary to neural activities on the scalp. On the other hand, vascular-based neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI and fNIRS record hemodynamic changes that are indirectly correlated to neural activities.
Frontal lobe oxyhemoglobin levels in patients with lower extremity burns assessed using a functional near-Infrared spectroscopy device during usual walking: a pilot study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
So Young Joo, Yoon Soo Cho, Kuem Ju Lee, Seung Yeol Lee, Cheong Hoon Seo
Functional neuroimaging studies is known as an important evaluation tool for observing brain activity. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures cortical activities based on neurovascular coupling, by measuring changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) concentration in the target cerebral cortex (Ye et al. 2009; Lee et al. 2013; Shin et al. 2018). fNIRS measurements could provide qualitative, quantitative, and dynamic information of brain function, and could facilitate exploration of neural activation during actual walking (Herold et al. 2017; Vitorio et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2018; Saita et al. 2018).