China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Searching for IoT Resources in Intelligent Transportation Cyberspace (T-CPS)—Requirements, Use-Cases and Security Aspects
Published in Yassine Maleh, Mohammad Shojafar, Ashraf Darwish, Abdelkrim Haqiq, Cybersecurity and Privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems, 2019
Md. Muzakkir Hussain, Mohammad Saad Alam, M. M. Sufyan Beg, Rashid Ali
Forensic science is a branch of science that brings together a sequence of scientific principles and methods to identify, discover, reconstruct and analyze evidences to be used for investigation. However, the forensics results cannot be single-handedly used, i.e., the court is not bound to rely on the results that are presented and could take into account other metrics to define what the originals are (Hussain et al.). The main objective of digital forensics is to provide methods that meet the requirements for judicial evidence and could involve the acquisition and analysis of any form of digital data. There are generally two types of evidence in the data that can be retrieved from intelligent IoT devices in any ITS network. The first one can be used to prove crimes directly, such as password theft, DoS, direct denial of service (DDoS) attacks, virtual machine (VM) manipulation, denial of service attacks, etc. The other type could be used to support the evidence and build a complete chain of evidence, such as call history, messaging profiles, log files, usage patterns, etc.
Legal Standards Setting in the Use of Forensics/DNA Barcode
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Christie O. Onyia, Obianuju P. Ilo, Scott E. Miller
Forensic Science or Criminalistics is defined as the use of scientific methods and procedures to solve a crime. It is the application of Science to civil or criminal laws. A crime is an unlawful act punishable by a State or any designated authority (Farmer, 2008). According to Martin (2003), a criminal offence is an act or public wrong, harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state. Before the emergence of standardised forensic practices, in ancient times, criminal investigations and trials depended much on forced confessions and testimony of a witness. Hans Gross was the first scientist to apply scientific methods to crime scenes, leading to the birth of criminalistics. Early in the 20th century, Edmund Locard formulated the “Exchange Principle” which stated, “whenever two objects come into contact with one another, materials are exchanged between them”, thereby postulating that “every contact by a criminal, leaves a trace” (Roncacè and Nicosia, 2016). It was not until the late 20th century that Smith and Simpson discovered new forensic Science, while Alec Jeffreys pioneered the use of DNA profiling in forensic Science in 1984. The importance of DNA fingerprinting after that became important in assisting police detective work, as well as in resolving paternity and immigration disputes. In the 21st century and modern society, certain procedures should be followed during investigation and trial. The offender, if found guilty, would be punished according to the existing law. Where the offence is criminal, the investigation should follow legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure. The same standards and procedures should be followed in the prosecution of offenders of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES).
Trends in Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Forensic science is the application of science to mainly investigate the criminal or civil law cases in which evidence is being used for criminal procedures in the court. During ancient time, criminal investigations and court trials heavily relied on forced confessions and witness testimony. The success of trial was purely based on the availability of witnesses, if witnesses turned blind or did not show up to the courtroom, criminals could easily get released with no punishment due to lack of evidence. In the twentieth century, due to the technological revolution, various tools, machines, and chemicals were discovered that can assist the investigator in framing charges against any crime preparator and this evidence-based method has become the main tools for the investigating agencies around the world. The first written account of using medicine to solve criminal cases is attributed to the book written by Song Ci in the year 1248. The author was a director of justice, jail, and supervision during the Song Dynasty. At that time, the book provided knowledge to distinguish between genuine suicide or pretend suicide cases. Here is a brief story about solving the case in which a man was murdered with a steel rod. To solve the murder mystery, the investigator instructed the suspect to bring his rod to one location. During trial, the investigator used flies to identify the rod that had been used to kill the person—now here is science as flies were attracted to the smell of human blood. As soon as the suspect showed his rod, the flies attracted by the smell of blood eventually gathered on the rod. Considering this test, the murderer finally confessed the crime. What we learn here is that crime can be solved by proving facts with the evidence. This marked the beginning of evidence-based investigations. Thereafter various methods have been used to solve criminal cases in which investigators have used saliva and examination of the mouth and tongue to determine innocence or guilt. Later, this evidence-based field became advanced with the advent of new tools and new technology. Evidence-based science is now referred to as forensic science.
Role of Analytical Instruments in Forensic Science: A Pedagogical Approach
Published in IETE Journal of Education, 2019
Nilimamayee Samal, Subhransu Padhee
Crime can be traced back to the origin of human civilization and due to the phenomenal advancement of science and technology, there has been a sea change in the methodology adopted by the criminals to commit a specific type of crime. As the criminals use cutting-edge techniques to commit a crime, in the other side of the coin, the criminal justice system employs state-of-the-art techniques to detect the crime and link the crime to a specific person or a group of persons. Forensic science is an applied discipline concerned with the controlled use of analytical scientific methods to generate evidence in relation to legal proceedings. The forensic scientist addresses the needs of prosecution or defense investigators, by applying appropriate tools to answer questions that arise during the investigation or prosecution of a case. Early Origins of forensics can be found in Egypt and Mesopotamia [1,2]. Forensic science has referenced in Arthashastha which has been estimated to be 2300 years old [3]. Forensic science collects different samples and specimens from a crime scene and analyses the said samples and specimens to link the crime scene to a particular or group of criminal elements. The first crime lab was started by Edmond Locard in 1910 in the attic of the police station. He also formulated “Locard’s Exchange Principle” which is the basics of forensic science [4].