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Genetic Algorithm for Input Assignment for Decoded-PLAs
Published in Hafiz Md. Hasan Babu, VLSI Circuits and Embedded Systems, 2023
GAs work by evolving a population of individuals over a number of generations. A fitness value is assigned to each individual in the population, where the fitness computation depends on the application. For each generation, individuals are selected from the population for reproduction, the individuals are crossed to generate new individuals, and the new individuals are mutated with some low mutation probability. The new individuals may completely replace the old individuals in the population, with distinct generations evolved. Alternatively, the new individuals may be combined with the old individuals in the population. In this case, it may want to reduce the population in order to maintain a constant size, e.g., by selecting the best individuals from the population. The choice of which approach is used may depend on the application. Since selection is biased toward more highly fit individuals, the average fitness of the population tends to improve from one generation to the next. The fitness of the best individual is also expected to improve over time, and the best individual may be chosen as a solution after several generations.
Re-examination of Traditional Statistics
Published in Chong Ho Alex Yu, Data Mining and Exploration, 2022
For Fisher, statistical methods could not be confined by individual data sets, whose properties vary from time to time, from place to place, and from person to person; probability should carry objective and invariant properties that can be derived from mathematics. Moreover, Fisher’s interpretation of Chi-squared represents a very different philosophy, when compared with that of Pearson’s. For Fisher a true CM-squared could be obtained even when expected cell frequencies must be estimated. In this sense, the meaning of “fit” is closeness to the truth of a hypothesis. In 1922, Fisher proposed a change in the degree of freedom of the Pearson’s Chi-squared test (Baird 1983).
Fish School Search Algorithm
Published in A Vasuki, Nature-Inspired Optimization Algorithms, 2020
It is a part of the natural biological evolution process that takes place for producing the next-generation population. More fit individuals get selected for mating and breeding, and they produce offspring for the succeeding generations. The weaker individuals gradually get dropped from the population. These evolutionary mechanisms apply to the breeding process of fish. This is equivalent to producing solutions with higher fitness values in succeeding iterations.
The PPARGC1A Gly482Ser polymorphism is associated with elite long-distance running performance
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2023
Elliott C.R. Hall, Sarah J. Lockey, Shane M. Heffernan, Adam J. Herbert, Georgina K. Stebbings, Stephen H. Day, Malcolm Collins, Yannis P. Pitsiladis, Robert M. Erskine, Alun G. Williams
Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows version 25.0 (IBM Statistics, Armonk, USA) and RStudio (version 3.6.1). Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of athletes and non-athletes were compared by χ2 goodness-of-fit test. Differences in athlete and non-athlete characteristics were investigated using independent samples t-test. The association of genotype with athletes’ PB performances were conducted by Kruskal–Wallis H test of variance, as the data were not normally distributed (therefore presented as median and interquartile range), with a false discovery rate (FDR) of 10% (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995) to control for multiple comparisons. Where differences approaching statistical significance were identified (p ≥ 0.05 and ≤0.010), further analysis was performed in a dominant (AA+Aa vs. aa) or recessive (AA vs. Aa+aa) model depending on the nature of the difference. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons using a FDR of 10%.
Human leucocyte antigen – G gene polymorphism in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients in Mansoura University Hospitals
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Ghada Barakat, Asser Elsharkawy, Yasmin Nabiel
Frequencies of genotypes were evaluated using gene counts. The goodness of fit between the observed and expected frequencies of genotype was tested (‘χ2’ test). On fitting to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, ‘χ2’ test (2-by-2 tables) was carried out to calculate the significant distribution of genotype among studied patients and controls. Also risk ratio was detected on calculating odd’s ratio (OR) and confidence interval 95%. P < .05 was significant.
Lymphotoxin-α C804A polymorphism and the presence of simple endometrial hyperplasia in Egyptian women
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Polymorphisms and genotype frequencies were evaluated by gene counts. The data were tested for the goodness of fit between the observed and expected genotype frequencies (X2 test). When the observed genotype frequencies fit to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, X2 tests (2-by-2 tables) were performed to calculate significantly different genotype distributions between patients and controls.