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Facial nerve—a clinical and anatomical review
Published in J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares, Biodental Engineering V, 2019
Fernand Gentil, J.C. Reis Campos, Marco Parente, C.F. Santos, Bruno Areias, R.M. Natal Jorge
To characterize the degree of facial paralysis, the House-Brackman Facial Nerve Grading System is the most used (House & Brackman 1985). This scale present six grades, being Grade I the normal function; Grade II, slight dysfunction (at rest there are normal symmetry and tonus and in the motion the forehead has moderate to good function, the eye has complete closure with minimum effort and the mouth has slight asymmetry); Grade III, moderate dysfunction (at rest too normal symmetry and tonus but in the motion, the forehead has slight to moderate movement, the eye only has complete closure with effort, the mouth is slightly weak with maximum effort); Grade IV, moderate to severe dysfunction, the gross has obvious weakness and/or disfiguring asymmetry (at rest, yet normal symmetry but without motion of the forehead, the eye has incomplete closure, the mouth is asymmetric with maximum effort); Grade V, severe dysfunction (there are asymmetry at rest, no motion for the forehead, the eye has incomplete closure and the mouth has slight movement); Grade VI – Total Paralysis (without movement).
Step 6: What Are the Root Causes of the Gap?
Published in William J. Rothwell, Behnam Bakhshandeh, High-Performance Coaching for Managers, 2023
There are different kinds of medical signs. Diagnostic signs aid physicians in finding what is wrong. A bone sticking out of a leg is a diagnostic sign of a compound fracture. Pathognomic signs are more certain than diagnostic signs. Yellow skin usually indicates jaundice. Prognostic signs suggest what will happen to the patient. A lump in a woman’s breast indicates cancer—and that suggests clear negative consequences if left untreated. Anamnestic signs provide medical professionals with evidence of a past condition. If a patient experiences facial paralysis, for instance, it suggests a past stroke.
Facial imaging and landmark detection technique for objective assessment of unilateral peripheral facial paralysis
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2022
Zhexiao Guo, Weiben Li, Juan Dai, Jianghuai Xiang, Guo Dan
Unilateral peripheral facial paralysis (UPFP) is aform of facial nerve paralysis caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve system and subsequently, incompetency of facial muscle control at affected locations. UPFP patients can perform with disorders of facial appearance and loss of facial expression. The incidence of UPFP is estimated to be 20–25 cases per 100,000persons annually (Shaw, Nazir, and Bone 2005). Anumber of facial functions of the patients can be lost with facial nerves affected by UPFP, such as blinking and closing the eyes, smiling, frowning, lacrimation, salivation, flaring nostrils or raising eyebrows. It would seriously affect the daily life and social communications of UPFP patients with such loss of facial functions and subsequent facial abnormalities. Treatments for UPFP include steroids, antivirals, physiotherapy, surgery and alternative medicines (Finsterer 2008). The dosage and duration of the above treatments can be decided by UPFP degree assessment (Dulguerov etal. 1999).
Development of a new MR elastography protocol to measure the functional properties of facial muscles
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
R. Ternifi, P. Pouletaut, S. Dakpé, S. Testelin, B. Devauchelle, F. Charleux, J. M. Constans, S. F. Bensamoun
The face expression is animated by the movements of the muscles, which can be altered during pathology. Assessment of facial muscle deficits is subjective (palpation), dependent operator, and is currently estimated with clinical scales (Kanerva et al. 2006). Thus, the quantification of the facial muscle functional properties is a key point for the clinician to adapt and evaluate treatments (surgical, injection or reeducation) for patients with facial paralysis. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has been developed to measure the in vivo elastic properties of healthy (Chakouch et al. 2016) and pathological (Bensamoun et al. 2015) muscles. The objective of this study is to develop a new imaging protocol to evaluate the functional properties of the zygomaticus major (ZM) muscle using MRE technique.
Validating 3D face morphing towards improving pre-operative planning in facial reconstruction surgery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2021
Z. Fishman, Jerry Liu, Joshua Pope, J.A. Fialkov, C.M. Whyne
To apply 3D morphable models to guide craniofacial reconstruction, high accuracy is required. Based on modelled facial paralysis, facial deviations are perceived at 2 mm for eyelid misalignment and at 3 mm for smile asymmetry (Hohman et al. 2014). Additional evaluation is required to independently measure the accuracy of 3D estimates based on 2D photos, with specific consideration to the spatial distribution of the error on the face. Note, within the morphable model field, determining the 3D shape is sometimes referred to as ‘reconstruction’ (Jackson et al. 2017), but the term ‘estimation’ is used in this work to avoid confusion with surgical terminology. In previous evaluations, the per-vertex average or root-mean-square (RMS) distance error of the entire 3D facial estimate is presented (Schönborn et al. 2017; Booth et al. 2017; Sela et al. 2017; Feng et al. 2018a, 2018b). However, the whole face average or RMS error does not inform a clinical user as to the regional error expected (e.g. around the nose compared to the forehead) or the maximum error. In the BFM 2017 implementation (Schönborn et al. 2017), evaluation was performed on front-view facial photos in a neutral expression. In addition to facial regions, new accuracy evaluation is needed to consider that a subject is generally smiling in photographs, and that photo parameters (i.e. head pose) or subject parameters (i.e. sex, race) may affect the resulting 3D facial estimate. To enable wider craniofacial clinical application with robust validation accounting for these parameters, this work investigates measuring the regional accuracy of a 3D facial estimates from single 2D photos.