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Nanodevices for Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease: Advances, Challenges, and Way Ahead
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
Alok Pandya, Madhuri Bollapalli
Recently, heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), a small (15 kDa) cytoplasmic protein, was found to be a very specific biomarker that is abundant in tissues with active fatty acid metabolism, including the heart (Das, 2016). Following ischemic injury, H-FABP is quickly released into the circulation via porous endothelial membranes of cardiac myocytes. Myocardial damage can be evaluated in plasma within 1–3 hours after symptom onset. Compared to troponins, the more specific but slower-release markers of cardiac injury, H-FABP is a useful tool for rapid evaluation of ischemic injury and size. The concentration of FABP in skeletal muscle is 20 times lower than that of cardiac tissue. Myoglobin occurs in the same content for cardiac and skeletal tissue. This makes H-FABP more cardiac specific than myoglobin, and a useful biochemical marker for the early assessment or exclusion of AMI. Previous studies have suggested that H-FABP can be used as a reliable marker for hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, early estimation of infarct size, early detector of postoperative myocardial tissue loss in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, stroke, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In recent years, different biosensor platforms have been designed for detection of available cardiac disease biomarkers. Here, we summarize the most prominently used cardiac biomarkers and their detection by different biosensor platforms.
Circulating markers of intestinal barrier injury and inflammation following exertion in hypobaric hypoxia
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Zachary J. McKenna, Bryanne N. Bellovary, Jeremy B. Ducharme, Michael R. Deyhle, Andrew D. Wells, Zachary J. Fennel, Jonathan W. Specht, Jonathan M. Houck, Trevor J. Mayschak, Christine M. Mermier
Blood samples were collected through venipuncture of an arm vein into EDTA Vacutainer® tubes immediately pre- and post-hypoxic exposure. Blood samples were centrifuged at 1600 x g for 15 min to separate plasma. 1 mL aliquots of plasma were immediately frozen and stored in a −80°C freezer. Intestinal injury was assessed by measuring the concentration of circulating intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) which is a robust and reliable marker of intestinal cell injury (Ogden et al., 2020) that has been shown to correlate well with intestinal permeability (van Wijck et al., 2011). Circulating LPS binding protein (LBP), a protein involved in the transport of LPS to immune cells, was also measured in circulation as an indicator of bacterial endotoxin translocation. LBP is an indirect measurement of LPS. We chose to measure this surrogate marker of LPS, instead of LPS itself, to avoid the risk that contamination with exogenous endotoxins during sample collection or processing could confound the results. I-FABP and LBP were measured via ELISA kits (Hycult Biotech, Uden, The Netherlands) which were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions with intraassay coefficient of variations of 3.78%, and 3.50%, respectively. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 receptor agonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were analyzed via MAGPIX multiplexing according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Luminex xMAP Technology, San Diego, CA). IL-1β concentrations were undetectable (below the detection limit of the assay) in 9 of the 26 (∼35%) assayed samples and these data are presented as zero. Intraassay coefficient of variations for TNF-α, IL-1Ra, and IL-1β were 7.57%, 8.60%, and 9.4%, respectively.
Acute L-glutamine supplementation does not improve gastrointestinal permeability, injury or microbial translocation in response to exhaustive high intensity exertional-heat stress
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Henry B. Ogden, Joanne L. Fallowfield, Robert B. Child, Glen Davison, Simon C. Fleming, Simon K. Delves, Alison Millyard, Caroline S. Westwood, Joseph D. Layden
I-FABP (1:4 plasma dilution) was measured in duplicate plasma samples pre and immediately post EHST using a solid-phase sandwich ELISA (DY3078, DuoSet, R&D systems, Minneapolis, USA) following manufacturer instructions. This time-point was selected to target the peak response previously reported following a similar intensity/duration EHST (Barberio et al., 2015). The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 5.5%.