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Electrical Conductivity of Tissues
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Interstitial space: e extracellular space between cells in a tissue. Ohm’s law: A linear relation between the electric eld and current density vectors. Permittivity: A parameter (ε) that measures the size of the dipole moment induced in a substance by
Pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence in soccer players: A quantitative systematic review.
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
L. Chapelle, B. Tassignon, N. Rommers, E. Mertens, P. Mullie, P. Clarys
Hypohydration, defined as a decrease in total body water content due to a mismatch between fluid intake and fluid floss, is known to decrease plasma volume and increase plasma osmotic pressure (Kenefick & Cheuvront, 2016). Although the increased plasma osmotic pressure mobilises fluid from the intracellular space into the extracellular space, this amount of fluid is not sufficient to restore plasma volume completely (Kenefick & Cheuvront, 2016; Oppliger & Bartok, 2002). As a consequence, skin blood flow and the sweating response will decrease during exercise thereby increasing body core temperature and thermoregulatory strain since the ability to transfer heat from the exercising muscles to the skin surface is impaired (Kenefick & Cheuvront, 2016). The decreased plasma volume also results in a decreased cardiac output and increased heart rate during exercise leading to a higher physiological strain (Kenefick & Cheuvront, 2016; Oppliger & Bartok, 2002; Sawka et al., 2007). In hot and humid environments, the presence of hypohydration exacerbates the thermoregulatory strain since the body’s potential to dissipate heat is further diminished. This diminished potential is due to a decreased heat loss capacity and a greater dependence on sweating for evaporative cooling (Sawka et al., 2007).
Purification of transferrin by magnetic nanoparticles and conjugation with cysteine capped gold nanoparticles for targeting diagnostic probes
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019
Madeeha Shahzad Lodhi, Zahoor Qadir Samra
The iron loaded holotransferrin enter to the cell through surface transferrin receptors. These receptors are relatively highly expressed on malignant tissue, immature erythroid cells, and placenta as compare to normal cells. Receptor-mediated endocytosis process is generally occurring to take up the transferrin iron and release apotransferrin that is recycled to extracellular space.[6] Iron is an important component of electron transport chain, cell proliferation, differentiation, and in DNA synthesis. The above mentioned augmented activities need higher expression of iron relating protein receptors on cancer cells. Higher expression of transferrin receptors on cancer cells as compare to normal cell can be exploited in targeting drug delivery.[7,8] Above mentioned property of cancer/tumor cells and transferrin receptors ability to bind iron-loaded transferrin protein make them ideal for targeting either for diagnosis or for therapeutics.[9,10]
Boswellic acids ameliorate doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice: a focus on antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Manal M. Sami, Eman A.I. Ali, Rania A. Galhom, Amal M. Youssef, Hala M.F. Mohammad
The mechanism of DXR nephrotoxicity was reported to be correlated with its cytotoxicity, manifested by the destruction of cell membranes and other cellular components as a result of DNA intercalation [6]. This cytotoxicity is assumed to be facilitated by oxidative stress induced by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS activity alters specific intracellular structures such as proteins, lipids and nuclear DNA [2]. Mitochondrial DNA is another target for ROS activity, resulting in mutations, rearrangements, and transcriptional errors. These alterations affect not only mitochondrial functions but overall cellular activity, threatening its survival and ending with cell death [2]. Furthermore, DXR toxicity was found to disrupt kidney function and could have a profound effect on total body metabolism [7]. Biochemical and physiological alterations of kidney tissue could affect the extracellular space due to the intense relationship between the cell environment and the extracellular space [8].