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Bias, Conflict of Interest, Ignorance, and Uncertainty
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
Evidence-based medicine is based on assessing the totality of evidence regarding a particular medical intervention. Evidence-based toxicology attempts to apply similar approaches to the assessment of the totality of evidence regarding the toxicity of substances. This evidence includes studies in animals, humans, cells, or tissues in vitro, computational toxicology, and predictive methods such as QSAR. The practices of systematic reviews of evidence, transparency in decisions, open data disclosure, synthesis of different types of evidence, and assessment of bias/credibility are just beginning to be applied in toxicology.68,96,155–161
Principles of risk decision-making
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Daniel Krewski, Patrick Saunders-Hastings, Patricia Larkin, Margit Westphal, Michael G. Tyshenko, William Leiss, Maurice Dusseault, Michael Jerrett, Doug Coyle
Evidence-based toxicology is a movement that complements RBDM by (1) identifying the best use of scientific evidence for toxicological interpretation, (2) maximizing the quality of results and thus (3) facilitating the RBDM process. This movement is closely associated with that of evidence-based medicine (Hoffmann and Hartung 2006): evidence-based risk assessment has been successful, as demonstrated by management of some forms of environmental pollution (See RC1: ambient air pollution). Krewski et al. (2022) recently proposed a framework for evidence-based risk assessment, taking into account multiple evidence streams, including human, animal and mechanistic evidence: looking to the future, new approach methodologies (Krewski et al. 2010, 2019) developed for chemical risk assessment might provide new types of evidence that might be utilized to further strengthen the evidence base on which risk decisions may be made.