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Psychophysiological Measures of Workload: Potential Applications to Adaptively Automated Systems
Published in Raja Parasuraman, Mustapha Mouloua, Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications, 2018
Arthur F. Kramer, Leonard J. Trejo, Darryl G. Humphrey
Farwell and Donchin (1988) reported the development of an ERP-based communication device in which the P300 component of the ERP is used to index operators attention to particular objects in a 6 × 6 matrix of letters and numbers. One interesting aspect of this system is that communication can take place in the absence of eye movements to the attended objects. Thus, such a system could potentially detect the allocation of attention to a location in the periphery of the visual field while an operator is fixated, and possibly also attending, to a location in the central visual field. Gehring et al. (1993) recently reported the discovery of an ERP component, which they dubbed the error related negativity (ERN), and which appears to provide a manifestation of a neural system associated with the detection of and compensation for errors of responding. Such a component has the potential to provide an index of whether operators were aware of errors that they may have made in responding to system events.
Future Soldier-System Design Concepts: Brain–Computer Interaction Technologies
Published in Pamela Savage-Knepshield, John Martin, John Lockett, Laurel Allender, Designing Soldier Systems, 2018
Brent Lance, Jorge Capo, Kaleb McDowell
The human brain has been shown to be sensitive to errors, in a manner akin to the sensitivity to target stimuli described previously. When an individual perceives an error, whether they observe it or perform it, their brain will produce a type of ERP called an “error-related negativity” (ERN) (Falkenstein et al. 2000) or “error-related potential” (ErrP) (Ferrez and Millán 2005). An ERN is a negative deflection in the electrical voltage recorded from the scalp, which occurs about 100 milliseconds after the error is perceived, with amplitude related to the perceived importance of the error (Dehaene, Posner, and Tucker 1994). An ErrP can be either a negative or positive deflection, occurring 100–200 milliseconds after the error was observed (Falkenstein et al. 2000). We use the term “error-related potential” to describe both concepts in this chapter. Error potentials can be caused either by the individual making an error or by a system making the error, and thereby failing to execute the user’s directions. One paradigm for inducing and detecting system-mistake error potentials involves manipulating a cursor on a screen to move it into contact with a target. A small percentage of the time, the cursor will move in an incorrect direction, inducing the error potential (Ferrez and Millán 2008a). By analyzing these error potentials, it is possible to obtain information about the severity of the error, which is related to the amplitude of this signal (Gehring et al. 1993), as well as the precise time of the error (Buttfield, Ferrez, and Millán 2006). Several researchers have demonstrated the ability to reliably detect single-trial error potentials in real time, a development of importance for real-time BCIT design (Ferrez and Millán 2008b, Parra et al. 2003).
Deep TMS H7 Coil: Features, Applications & Future
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Tal Harmelech, Yiftach Roth, Aron Tendler
Feelings of doubt, worry, and repetitive behavior, key symptoms of OCD, have been linked to hyperactive error signals in the brain. The error-related negativity (ERN) [10] is an event-related potential in the theta frequency band (4–8 Hz) that peaks 50–150 ms following errors on many speeded reaction-time (RT) tasks (e.g. the Stroop and flanker). The ERN is recorded with electroencephalography (EEG) over mPFC and consistently attributed to the ACC [11,12]. The ERN is thought to reflect monitoring processes of ongoing task performance necessary for mistake prevention, emotional response to error, and cognitive conflict [10,13–15]. An overactivation of a monitoring system in the ACC in response to self-induced mistakes during tasks like the Stroop, Flanker, or Stop-Signal has been repeatedly demonstrated for OCD patients [13,15–24]. Enhanced ERN amplitudes and post-error slowing (PES) have also been reported for both OCD patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives [10,20,25–34]. Similarly, perceived error-related theta activity (PERTA), that is also recorded over mPFC and attributed to ACC, was found to be enhanced in OCD patients and their unaffected siblings [34–37]. This suggests that the constantly over-activated detection system in OCD evolves in vulnerable individuals with neuronal predisposition.
Certified Flight Instructors’ Performance – Review of the Literature and Exploration of Future Steps
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2020
Christophe Lazure, Laurence Dumont, Sofia El Mouderrib, Jean-François Delisle, Sylvain Sénécal, Pierre-Majorique Léger
The neural mechanisms at the root of error detection and expectation violation are studied using electroencephalogram (EEG) event related potential (ERP) components called error related negativity (ERN) and mismatch negativity (MMN). ERN usually occurs when someone commits an error and it is a reaction attributed to the anterior cingulate cortex (Holroyd & Coles, 2002). Its detection can be due either to the presentation of the stimuli or to the response and it is usually detectable even when the individual is unaware they made the mistake. MMN on the other hand, usually occurs between 250 and 450 milliseconds after conflicting stimuli are presented, and is seen as an automatic reaction that triggers a redirection of attention toward the detected conflict (Garrido et al., 2009). It has been shown to be defective in pathologies where false conclusions are made such as schizophrenia (Umbricht & Krljesb, 2005) or dyslexia (Bishop, 2007). Furthermore, larger MMN in typical individuals lead to better and faster error detection (Garrido et al., 2009), pointing toward a causal role of this ERP.