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Microbiome Reshaping and Epigenetic Regulation
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Olufemi Idowu Oluranti, Ayomide Michael Oshinjo, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji
Microbiome-mediated regulations of host reaction to environmental influences are achieved through the alterations of the host epigenomic composition without affecting the DNA sequences. Microbial metabolites have been identified as potent epigenetic modifiers. These metabolites cause histone modification, DNA methylation, and RNA-associated changes (Figure 6.2). These epigenomic alterations result in the pathogenesis of hypertension, cancer, neurodegeneration, etc. Interestingly, the altered genetic expressions are inheritable, meaning that there can be transgenerational transmission of the genetic modifications induced by microbiome-epigenetic interactions. The microbiome-epigenetic signaling and communications can provide interesting insight or pharmacologic target for the management of some debilitating disease conditions like Alzheimer’s diseases, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, etc. Therefore, there is need for further clarification of the host-microbiome-epigenetic interactions in health and diseases.
Epigenomics, Epithelial Plasticity, Clinical Genetics, and Rare Diseases
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
Francisco Torrens, Gloria Castellano
From the present results and discussion, the following final remarks can be drawn. It is important to distinguish traditional from epigenetic ages.Applications of epigenomics in cancer follow: diagnostic makers, makers of prognosis, makers of response, and therapeutic targets.Genetics and epigenetics: People cannot change genetics but epigenetics via healthy food and physical exercise.A rotation of 1 month is proposed for the internal resident physician in family medicine.The weird is important.Research in the most RDs has the capacity of benefiting all people.Together, people are stronger.Patients–physicians–researchers–science journalists.The aetiology of SLE is multifactorial and includes contributions from the environment, stochastic factors, and genetic issues.
Microfluidic Techniques for High-Throughput Cell Analysis
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Dongwei Chen, Juanli Yun, Yuxin Qiao, Jian Wang, Ran Hu, Beiyu Hu, Wenbin Du
Until recently, considerable progress has been made with respect to the mammalian single-cell omics, which can be applied at both the DNA, RNA and protein levels, including the single-cell genomics (Fu et al. 2015), the transcriptomics (Pollen et al. 2014, Fan et al. 2015, Zhang et al. 2018), the epigenomics (Buenrostro et al. 2015, Cusanovich et al. 2015, Kelsey et al. 2017), and proteomics (Mazutis et al. 2013, Azizi et al. 2018). For genomic analysis, flow cytometers are widely used for sorting (Navin et al. 2011, Leung et al. 2015) or micromanipulation (Gao et al. 2016). The DNA-level genomic analysis reveals the genotype of the cell, and the RNA level transcriptomic reflects the functional states of the cell; the genomic variation in a single cell could be associated with transcriptional variations. Epigenomics allows the study of cellular heterogeneity at different time scales and for discovering intrinsic molecular connectivities between the genome and its function (Kelsey et al. 2017), it captures DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, chromosome conformation, and replication dynamics.
Advances in science and applications of air pollution monitoring: A case study on oil sands monitoring targeting ecosystem protection
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
J.R. Brook, S.G. Cober, M. Freemark, T. Harner, S.M. Li, J. Liggio, P. Makar, B. Pauli
Much like particulate air pollution effects in humans, with no discernible threshold in relation to premature mortality and an increasing number of preclinical measures, the appropriate safe threshold for some indicators and most molecular markers of biological effects in nature (i.e., wild animals) remains unclear. This is even more complicated in the context of the challenge of chronic, low-dose exposure, which is an ongoing process occurring in the OS. Precaution, regular reassessment, and continuous improvement is the prudent approach. Ultimately, indicators based upon metabolomics, proteomics, epigenomics, etc., may be the preferred approach given that tracking single chemicals is not fully reflective of the mixtures that occur in reality. Bradley et al. (2019) recently assessed multiple indicators of cumulative contaminant effects (hazard) for in-stream biota, including in silico approaches such as ToxCast (EPA 2017). High-throughput methods for wildlife based on gene arrays and microarrays are also being developed. Bradley et al. (2019) point out that given the 80,000+ parent compounds estimated to be in current use globally and the “inestimable chemical-space of potential metabolites and degradates” from these compounds, toxicity assessment remains a major challenge.
Discovery of genetic risk factors for disease
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2018
The lack of immediate translation is often seen as a limitation of the GWAS method. However, the difficulty in rapid translation of the GWAS results arises because we do not yet have comprehensive maps of cell specific regulatory elements in the genome. We are unable to take a set of SNPs with highly correlated signals, together with knowledge of the disease, and overlay the GWAS map on a map of regulatory sequences for the relevant tissue. This gap in our knowledge has prompted large scale genomics initiatives to provide these maps including projects such as ENCODE (Encode Project Consortium 2012), the Epigenome RoadMap (Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium et al. 2015) and GTEx (GTEx Consortium 2013). Levels of gene expression and epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation are subject to genetic control. The Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) (GTEx Consortium 2013) is providing a publicly available resource to study the regulation and genetic control of gene expression in multiple tissues. Results from GWAS can be compared with the GTEx results to determine whether disease associated variants regulate the expression of any nearby genes.
Advancements of next generation sequencing in the field of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Ankita Pati, Dattatreya Kar, Jyoti Ranjan Parida, Ananya Kuanar
Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been associated in the parallel gene sequencing used in the form of high-throughput technology that offers the sequencing of entire genome [20]. NGS technology is associated with the sophisticated process to support the sequencing of desired sequence of DNA, RNA including the study of nucleotide sequences [21]. Moreover, it is important to understand that the NGS technology has been involved in the genomics, proteomics, epigenomics and transcriptomics to evaluate the desired gene expression to resolve the issues in gene diversity [22]. On the other hand, NGS technology has been associated with the development of sequencing process to address the epigenetic changes caused in the environment through evaluating genetic variations[23].