China 
Africa 
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Tracking, Modelling, and Understanding of Pandemic Outbreak with Artificial Intelligence and IoT
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
Sapna Kataria, Anjali Chaudhary, Neeta Sharma
The most essential phases in data evaluation are exploration, whereas visualization has a central part, which is accomplished with instructive summary data [6]. The graphics are required for quick calculation of currently running dynamics, i.e., epidemic curve, which demonstrate case frequency as histogram for a certain time period [8]. Growing case tallies should not be included in epicurves because they have a tendency to make current dynamics dubious and generate statistical reliance in data that may generate unfair results, which will obviously lead to wrong estimations. Nowadays, maps are normally used for visualizing the distribution of infected cases, for demonstrating the ‘ecological statuses of infected areas at a huge scale. Mapping tools which can find out the areas of spread of virus include the geospatial positions of virus transmission, which also maps hazards of spread of virus [10]. It also focuses on recording virus evolution, pandemic transmission, and quick recognition of outbreaks. Concise or summary data is useful for data visualization in the data analysis phase. Some criteria like communicable need the use of mathematical models for estimation, and they are not freely accessible as graphic tools. Other useful information can be easily computed from descriptive data, including population statistics pointers of the infected cases like age, gender, occupation, etc., fatality ratios or case suspensions like hospitalization time, recovery progress, death, percentage of infection reported. Virus incubation period ‘contamination to symptom’ is the additional significant interval for notifying the intervention (like defining the period of contact tracking, declaring outbreak end), but then again, it is difficult to derive. Note that these are greatly analyzed by symbolizing the complete distribution such as probability distribution rather than stated as solitary central value [7, 8].
Investigation of varicella outbreak among residents and healthcare workers in psychiatric hospital- Saudi Arabia
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Khalid Hamdan Alanazi, Ghada Mohamed Bin Saleh, Hanan Mohamed Hathout, Hala Roushdi Shiha, Sherine Gouda El Sherbini, Taghreed Abdulaziz Al Saqer, Mohamed Mashouf Alqahtani, Mervat Mohamed El Dalatony
Definition of exposure: - Face-to-face contact for more than 5 minutes with an infected person without wearing a respirator or direct contact with vesicle fluid without wearing gloves used as a definition of staff exposure. The number of cases against time plotted on the epidemic curve to study the pattern of spread of disease and distribution of cases by time together serve as a monitoring tool of new cases. The distribution of exposures among health care workers displayed as number and percent.