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Quercetin Bioflavonoids Derived from Phytomedicinal Compounds for Targeted Drug Delivery and Their Antioxidant Properties
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Selvaraj Rajesh Kumar, Nagamony Ponpandian
In day-to-day life, various changes in our environmental factors including air pollution, outdoor and indoor allergens, micro-organisms, food habits and different unknown infections may contribute to serious allergic problems. Quercetin is a natural polyphenol that can be efficiently applied as a treatment of allergic rhinitis, late-late-phase bronchial asthma responses and restricted rheumatoid arthritis. Quercetin affects the inflammation and immune systems by performing mostly on leukocytes for targeting membrane proteins, several enzymes, intracellular signalling phosphatases and kinases. Especially, quercetin suppressed the allergic-mediator release from basophils and mast cells, which was another type of white blood cell induced in immune responses. This mast cell acts as a prominent immune system that is essential for the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders and allergic reactions. Quercetin also suppressed the histamine, Ca2+ influx, leukotrienes release and protein kinase activation. Quercetin was extracted from an onion to treat smooth-muscle contraction and cytokines through an in vitro analysis for the murine model of asthma. The results found a release of tracheal rings, reduced inflammatory cytokine creation, and a decrease of cells in eosinophil peroxidase in the lungs.
Encapsulation of Antioxidants Using Casein as Carrier Matrix
Published in Lohith Kumar Dasarahally-Huligowda, Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Nanotechnology Applications in Dairy Science, 2019
Ajay Kumar Chauhan, Rahul Saini, Pawan Kumar
Antioxidants are phytochemical compounds, when present at concentration lower than their respective oxidizable substrate, hinders its oxidation or delays it. The antioxidant activity is demonstrated by several biologically significant compounds such as vitamin-A, vitamin-C, vitamin-E (α-tocopherol), metallothionein, β-carotene, melatonin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates, polyamines, coenzyme Q-10, adenosine, polyphenols, ubiquinol, polyestrogens, flavonoids, taurine, homocysteine, cysteine, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, methionine, resveratrol, reduced glutathione, nitroxides, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide synthase, urate, eosinophil peroxidase, and heme oxygenase-1.13 It has also been reported that gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and diabetes occurrence are inversely correlated to total dietary antioxidant capacity.1 The major classes of natural antioxidants are briefly described in this chapter.
The State of the Science: Human Health, Toxicology, and Nanotechnology Risks
Published in Jo Anne Shatkin, Nanotechnology, 2017
While it is clear that shorter fibers are cleared more easily by macrophages and that modification of physicochemical characteristics can influence biopersistence, from the studies thus far, it appears that degradation of CNTs in the body may be difficult due to their biopersistent nature. The most recent evidence is that some CNTs can be degraded, although more work needs to be done in this important area. At the Society of Toxicology Meeting in 2012, a research team reported that SWCNTs were susceptible to enzymatic degradation by some enzyme systems using in vitro test systems (e.g., eosinophil peroxidase) (Kapralov et al. 2011). Others have shown CNT susceptibility to myeloperoxidases (a human enzyme) expressed in neutrophils (Kagan et al. 2010). This will be a critical area of research in the future. Chemicals that persist in the body and the environment, even if not particularly toxic, generally draw the attention of the public.
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
Eosinophils are found in blood, but normally resident in tissues (Kita 2013), such as skin, although their role in skin homeostasis is not clearly understood thus far (Nguyen and Soulika 2019). Eosinophils present granules loaded with toxic proteins such as major basic protein and eosinophil peroxidase and a variety of preformed cytokines and chemokines released in response to appropriate stimuli (Spencer et al. 2009). These cells also produce all types of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), a lipid-derived inflammatory mediator, crucial for skin eosinophilic infiltration in hypersensitivity reactions such as AD (He et al. 2010).