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Biotechnological Processes
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Environmental biotechnology is the application of biotechnology for the monitoring, protection, remediation, and improvement of environment. It includes: water biotreatmentwastewater biotreatmentbiotreatment of solid wastessoil bioremediationbioimprovement of the construction groundbioaggregation of sand or soil surfacesbiotreatment of polluted air and exhaust gasesprevention of infectious diseasesprevention of biodeterioration, biocorrosion, and biofoulingenvironmental monitoring using biosensors and bioindicators
Microalgae as a Source of Sustainability
Published in Pau Loke Show, Wai Siong Chai, Tau Chuan Ling, Microalgae for Environmental Biotechnology, 2023
Pik Han Chong, Jian Hong Tan, Joshua Troop
Grey: Environmental Biotechnology Which also equates to Grey Biotechnology, which is our main focus for this subchapter. The application of biotechnology to solve environmental problems and ecosystems results in the field called Environmental Biotechnology (Dasilva 2004; Kafarski 2012). The application of biotechnology is used to review and study the natural environment. Grey Biotechnology also focuses on the protection and restoration of the environment and, thus, on nature and the ecosystem itself. It largely utilizes living systems including plants, microorganisms, and animals as means to prevent, treat, or remediate pollution and waste (Gavrilescu 2010). A major advantage of environmental biotechnology is that it will help to maintain environmental safety and cleanliness for use by future generations. It helps nonhuman organisms and engineers adapt to changes in their environment and find useful ways to keep the environment clean and green (Mohapatra 2010). Environmental biotechnology helps preventing the use of natural resources in an abusive manner and prevents excessive production of harmful pollutants or wastes that affect the environment. Societal development must be done in such a way that it protects our ecosystem along with our environment and also helps to advance it (van Hullebusch, Singh, and Mal 2021). In this field, the types of areas of application are waste treatment and management, pollution control and prevention, and the conservation of biodiversity and the environment (Zylstra and Kukor 2005). The technologies that aid in doing so are elaborated as given in the subsequent sections.
Ecological Tools for Remediation of Soil Pollutants
Published in Amitava Rakshit, Manoj Parihar, Binoy Sarkar, Harikesh B. Singh, Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Bioremediation Science From Theory to Practice, 2021
Nayan Moni Gogoi, Bhaswatee Baroowa, Nirmali Gogoi
Biotechnology is being applied in recent years for decontamination of soils polluted with both organic and inorganic contaminants Bioremediation technology (also known as environmental biotechnology) is an ecologically sound emerging tool and can be defined as the elimination, attenuation or transformation of polluting or contaminating substances by the use of biological processes, i.e., the use of natural strains of bacteria (Pal et al. 2010). During bioremediation, microbes utilize chemical contaminants in the soil as an energy source and, through oxidation-reduction reactions, metabolize the target contaminant into useable energy for microbial growth. By-products (metabolites) released back into the environment are typically in a less toxic form than the parent contaminants For example, petroleum hydrocarbons can be degraded by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen through aerobic respiration. The hydrocarbon loses electrons and is oxidized, while oxygen gains electrons and is reduced forming carbon dioxide and water (Nester et al. 2001). Because of their appearance in nature, the population of the strains explodes which drives the process of breakdown of hazardous wastes or pushes the bioremediation process forward. These bacteria increase in number when a food source, i.e., the waste is present. When the contaminant is degraded, the microbial population naturally declines with the production of less harmless products (Sen and Chakrabarti 2009). Bioremediation of contaminated soil is carried out at the place of contamination or in a specially prepared place. Bioremediation techniques that are applied to soil at the site with minimal disturbance are referred to as in situ, whereas ex situ techniques are applied at the site which has been removed via excavation soil (Dzionek et al. 2016).
Thermophilic bacteria from Peruvian hot springs with high potential application in environmental biotechnology
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Luis Felipe Valdez-Nuñez, Marco A. Rivera-Jacinto
Extreme environments such as hot springs are the natural culture media for the development of well-adapted microorganisms suitable for being used in biotechnology. As an example of this, we can find thermophiles, microorganisms with optimal growth temperature of 45°C or higher, whose thermostable enzymes (thermozymes) are valuable resources not only in biocatalysis but also in bioremediation. Biosurfactants [1], siderophores [2], and hydrolases such as PETases, cutinases, lipases, and proteases [3], are some examples of thermozymes with extensive applications in environmental biotechnology. Additionally, phosphatases and oxidoreductases, with potential application in the degradation of phosphate- and aromatic-like compounds, have also been reported in microorganisms isolated from hot spring environments [4]. Currently, different thermophilic bacteria have been retrieved and identified from hot springs worldwide. Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Anoxybacillus, Geobacillus, Lysinibacillus and Brevibacillus are some examples of thermophilic bacterial genera with different applications in biotechnology [1,4–8].
Biosorption of an azo dye Reactive Blue 4 from aqueous solution using dead and CMC immobilized biomass of Rhizopus oryzae (MTCC 262)
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2021
Mukulika Bagchi, Debabrata Bera, Sunita Adhikari (Nee Pramanik)
The invention and continuous development of biosorption-desorption phenomena using different form of microbial biomass has obtained thrust and reconstructed the systems by which the wastewater can be treated to remove pollutants. It can be also used to recover toxic as well as useful materials present in the aqueous systems e.g., textile dyes. An environmental biotechnology-based process is fungal biosorption. The fungal biosorption process is based on the fungal cell wall ability to accumulate the toxic contaminants from water. Biosorption has been studied endlessly over the past three decades for elimination of heavy metals and different organic contaminants that contains textile dyes (Veglio and Beolchini 1997; Aksu and Tezer 2005; Wu and Yu 2007). Efficiency of numerous biosorbent were studied and among them the fungal biomass has been reported as an inexpensive adsorbent. They can be produced using simple fermentation techniques at low cost and on the cheap growth media. They are also very efficient (Maurya et al. 2006) . Some fungus has the ability that they are able to adsorb dyes proficiently (Zhang et al. 2003; Aksu and Çağatay 2006). They possess various extracellular enzymes like azoreductase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase that can degrade the complex dye structure (Khan and Fulekar 2017). In our present study a fungal biomass Rhizopus oryzae (MTCC 262) was used.
Assessment of biodecolorization potentials of biofilm forming bacteria from two different genera for Mordant Black 11 dye
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2021
Uruj Tahir, Shiza Nawaz, Umair Hassan Khan, Azra Yasmin
Utilization of different microbial species for the abatement of toxic contaminants persisting in the environment is the most efficient, economically feasible and environment friendly approach, especially with reference to developing countries. Present study demonstrated the biodecolorization and biotransformation potentials of indigenous biofilm forming Staphylococcus and Bacillus sp. against Mordant Black 11 in aqueous medium. Both the strains exhibited >50% removal of Mordant Black 11 dye over 72 h incubation regardless of the absence or presence of carbon source (glucose). Bacillus subtilis MB378 decolorized 73.54% of dye with 50 mg L−1 initial concentration at 37˚C within 24 h, while, 76.12% of Mordant Black 11 was decolorized by Staphylococcus sp. MB377 at acidic pH, 37˚C with 1% inoculum size. Influence of various parameters on the decolorization process was also highlighted. Results of present investigation demonstrated that the capability of bacterial strains to decolorize the dye was directly related to genetic variabilities, adaptation, resistance and interactions of strains with azo bonds along with dependence on the complexity and concentration of dye, temperature as well as pH. Results of various techniques including UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR, HPLC and GCMS profiles also ascertained the biotransformation of Mordant Black 11 into respective metabolites. These findings supported possible exploitation of these biofilm producing bacteria for bioremediation of dyes and environmental biotechnology.