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Mechanisms for Carbon Assimilation and Utilization in Microalgae and Their Metabolites for Value-Added Products
Published in Ashok Kumar, Swati Sharma, 2 Utilization, 2020
Varsha S.S. Vuppaladadiyam, Zenab T. Baig, Abdul F. Soomro, Arun K. Vuppaladadiyam
As both carbohydrate biosynthesis and lipid biosynthesis compete for the same bulk of CO2 fixed in the cell, Kumar et al. (2016) compared the kinetics and energy balance of metabolites. This study addressed the key question of which primary metabolite would be the preferred one in terms of carbon and energy balances for biofuel production. However, for accurate kinetic studies, enzymatic data is lacking and relying on the thermodynamics. They concluded that, for starch synthesis when compared to TAG synthesis per carbon atom fixed, the requirements of ATP and NAD(P)H are, respectively, 50% and 45% lower. This indicates that when compared to glucose-derived carbohydrates, TAG synthesis requires 53% higher energy input (Vuppaladadiyam et al. 2018). Therefore, an important question that arises here is: under stress conditions, why would microalgae prefer to store TAG rather than carbohydrates? The answer is evident when considering the energy recovered from these metabolites upon oxidation. Through both β-oxidation and the citric acid cycle oxidation pathways, saturated FA can generate 6.6 ATP equivalents per carbon, whereas through glucose oxidation via glycolysis and citric acid cycle, saturated FA can generate only 5 ATP equivalents. Additionally, regarding the energy density, the energy content per carbon of TAG is 41% higher than for starch (Vuppaladadiyam et al. 2018).
Modeling Self-Heating Effects in Nanoscale Devices
Published in Zlatan Aksamija, Nanophononics, 2017
Katerina Raleva, Abdul Rawoof Shaik, Suleman Sami Qazi, Robin Daugherty, Akash Laturia, Ben Kaczer, Eric Bury, Dragica Vasileska
In commercial device simulators, the heat conduction equation is coupled to the Joule heating term with either the drift-diffusion or energy balance equations of the carriers. This then leads to the so-called nonisothermal drift-diffusion or energy balance models [8–10]. The coupling between the electron/hole transport in devices and the corresponding heat flow is achieved via temperature-dependent mobilities and diffusion coefficients in the corresponding expression for current in Eq. 1.4. Thus, on the one hand, the lattice temperature enters the expression for the local mobility value, which, in turn, affects the electrostatics and the current density in the device. On the other hand, lattice temperature affects the local Joule heating term, which, in turn, affects the lattice temperature profile. The electrical conduction and the heat flow equations are then self-consistently solved for the temperature and the electrostatic potential. A natural question then is, Is this novel self-consistent-solution model for electrical and thermal conduction within nanoscale devices valid when the ballistic, nonstationary transport dominates within these devices and the mobility is no longer expressed by the classical picture [11]?
Basic Information on Processes in Ionized Gases
Published in E.M. Bazelyan, Yu. P. Raizer, Spark Discharge, 2017
Since the behavior of an equilibrium plasma is related to its temperature, the knowledge of the temperature is important for the understanding of processes involving such a plasma, for instance, those in spark discharges. The plasma temperature is determined by its energy balance, that is, by the competition between the Joule heat released by currents and heat removal. The latter often occurs through heat conduction. Thermal conductivity depends on temperature in a complicated, nonmonotonic manner [Figure 2.6 (b)], because the transport of potential energy of dissociation and ionization of atoms and molecules (reactive conduction) is added to that of kinetic energy. Molecules in a hotter plasma region dissociate to produce atoms, while atoms transported by diffusion to a cooler region recombine to release the binding energy, which was earlier expended for dissociation in the hotter region.
Food intake and appetite following school-based high-intensity interval training in 9–11-year-old children
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Anna Morris, Robert Cramb, Caroline J. Dodd-Reynolds
Despite attention on physical activity as a modifiable risk factor in young people (Janssen & LeBlanc, 2010; Mountjoy et al., 2011), the relationship between activity and food intake is often ignored. Any sustained imbalance between energy intake and expenditure will result either in loss of weight (Jéquier & Tappy, 1999; Schwartz, 2012; Speakman, 2014), or attainment of a positive energy balance, ultimately leading to weight gain and obesity. Previous work has often involved controlled, laboratory-based protocols to manipulate and examine acute food intake responses to physical activity (Bozinovski et al., 2009; Dodd, Welsman, & Armstrong, 2008). Curriculum-based activity (netball) has also been examined (Rumbold, St Clair Gibson, Allsop, Stevenson, & Dodd-Reynolds, 2011, 2013) and recently screen-based physical activity and the impact on snack intake have been explored (Allsop, Dodd-Reynolds, Green, Debuse, & Rumbold, 2015, 2016). For the most part, little evidence exists to suggest “compensation” for activity-induced energy expenditure; in other words, prescribed exercise bouts do not appear to result directly in an increase in energy intake, although some work does suggest a reduction in energy intake following exercise (Moore, Dodd, Welsman, & Armstrong, 2004; Thivel et al., 2016) and notably this has been observed with continuous cycling exercise at high intensity at 75% VO2max (Thivel et al., 2012).
Histological and immunohistochemical study of the effect of liraglutide in experimental model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Mai Salah Nour, Zeinab Abd El-Hay Sakara, Nawal Awad Hasanin, Shereen Mohamed Hamed
As compared to the control group, the FLD group showed significant increase in body weight, which is consistent with Wu et al. [25] and Lowry et al. [26]. Weight gain can result from increased caloric consumption, which encourages a positive energy balance. This can lead to an increase in deposition of visceral fat and weight gain [27].