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Endoscopic Surgery
Published in John G Webster, Minimally Invasive Medical Technology, 2016
Electrosurgery means cutting or coagulation of body tissue with a high-energy electric current. It is a versatile, convenient, low-cost procedure, and is easily incorporated into an endoscope. Therefore, electrosurgical technology is preferred by surgeons who are performing endoscopic procedures.
Application of multi-component fluid model in studies of the origin of skin burns during electrosurgical procedures
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Marija Radmilović-Radjenović, Martin Sabo, Branislav Radjenović
Electrosurgery is a term used to describe the application of electric current into biological tissue to obtain desired clinical effects (Massarweh et al. 2006; Palanker et al. 2008; Taheri et al. 2014; Shen et al. 2016; Meeuwsen et al. 2019). There are certain safety challenges concerning the use of electrosurgery and burns are the most common and feared. The effects of electric currents flowing through a human body vary from little or no perceptible effect to severe tissue injury caused by the electrosurgical spark (Dixon and Watkin 1990; Lu et al. 2002; Aird and Brown 2012; Bisinotto et al. 2017; El‐Sayed et al. 2020). Although electrosurgical equipment usually generates sparks with frequencies suited to avoid electrostimulation of nerves and muscles (Belov et al. 2010; Golpaygani et al. 2016), such procedures may lead to undesirable electrical stimulation and burns (Wu et al. 2000; Belik et al. 2017, Sultan et al. 2020). Therefore, studies of the breakdown voltage and corresponding electric current that reaches the body can be critically important in clinician understanding how and why specific accidents occur and what medical and surgical problems may be expected (Grimnes 1983; Schneider and Abatti 2008).
Ultrafine particle transport inside an operating room equipped with turbulent diffusers
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2020
Salahudeen Mohamed, Giorgio Buonanno, Nicola Massarotti, Alessandro Mauro
The most commonly used chemicals such anaesthetic gases (desflurane, nitrous oxide, and halothane) can produce significant particle concentration levels inside ORs during surgery (Buonanno et al. 2019; Hoerauf et al. 1996; Byhahn et al. 2000). In addition to these chemicals, various other compounds have been observed in ORs, which comprise 54% of the overall organic compounds (Dascalakia et al. 2008). However, the contamination caused by chemical agents is less pronounced than particles emitted during invasive surgeries on the human body (i.e. surgical smoke) (Barrett and Garber 2003; Hensman et al. 1998; Ragde, Jorgensen, and Foreland 2016). In these cases, smoke particles from pathological and surgical sites are emitted, with possible serious consequences on medical staff who are exposed to these particles (Ragde, Jorgensen, and Foreland 2016; Alkatout et al. 2012; Duchateau, Komen, and Colpaert 2011). In electrosurgery, tissue incisions are performed using electric tools which can reach temperatures up to 100°C, leading to vaporization of cell fluid and tissues, creating surgical smoke (Ulmer 2008; Romano et al. 2017; Bryant et al. 1988). The composition of surgical smoke is 95% water and 5% cellular substances in the form of particulate matter, which includes blood, chemicals, bacteria, and tissue particles. The main chemical composition of surgical smoke, such as hydrogen cyanide, xylene, toluene, acrylonitrile, aldehydes, and ethylbenzene, are harmful and dangerous for people who spend several hours in ORs (Gianella et al. 2014; Choi, Choi, and Kang 2017).