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Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Research
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Some viruses that are presently being given attention in the wastewater research field include:60–62Infectious hepatitis A (HAV)Poliovirus type 1 and 2EchovirusNorwalk virusHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (retrovirus) (AIDS)Rotavirus
Fate of Wastewater Constituents in Soil and Groundwater: Pathogens
Published in G. Stuart Pettygrove, Takashi Asano, Irrigation With Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater–A Guidance Manual, 1985
Landry et al. [48] studied adsorption and elution of human enterovi ruses in permeable sandy soil cores ( 43 by 125 mm) collected from an operating recharge basin on Long Island. The viruses studied included field strains and reference strains of poliovirus types 1 and 3, coxsackie virus B3, and echovirus types 1 and 6. The viruses were suspended in treated sewage effluent and allowed to percolate through soil cores. Infiltration rates for a11 cores were rapid, averaging 83 cm/hr. Column effluents were collected and assayed for total virus PFU. All the polioviruses tested (including field and reference strains) and coxsackie B3 were adsorbed extremely well. Echovirus 1 exhibited the greatest soil affinity (over 99%), whereas echovirus 6 showed the least affinity with 78% of virus adsorption.
Movement of bacteriophage and fluorescent tracers through underground river sediments
Published in A. Kranjc, Tracer Hydrology 97, 2020
Calculated velocity of phage P22H5 was between 9.2 × 10−3 - 1.3 × 10−4 cm sec−1. This range of velocity is from 2.1 - 692 times lower than the velocity of movement of polio virus type 1 and echovirus type 1 through the columns filled with sieved soil in the experiments of Wang and coworkers (WANG et al., 1981). Higher velocities of movement of polio and echovirus are comprehensible as the soil contains 90% of sand and only 3 to 4% of clay minerals. In our sediments clay content was 27% that means much bigger absorbtion surface for the retention of phage tracer.
Laboratory-scale waste stabilisation pond development
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Amanda Inglis, Judith Webber, Bronwyn Humphries, Matthew Ashworth, Louise Weaver
There is a common belief that microbial indicators successfully indicate viral removal in wastewater [89, 90]. The work presented here shows this may not occur in all situations and may be specific to individual viral types under specific environmental conditions. By monitoring only the bacterial indicators, there is little knowledge that can be inferred in regard to virus survival, as shown by the differential behaviour of both the human enteric virus, Echovirus 7, and the bacteriophage, MS2. These results highlight the importance of direct viral analysis in order to understand both the indicator behaviour and the effect of wastewater treatment on virus survival. Laboratory-scale WSPs should be used in studies of virus survival in wastewater as the risk to the environment is greatly reduced compared to using pilot-scale or full-scale WSPs.
In vitro virucidal efficacy of a dry steam disinfection system against Human Coronavirus, Human Influenza Virus, and Echovirus
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
Isabella Marchesi, Arianna Sala, Giuseppina Frezza, Stefania Paduano, Sara Turchi, Annalisa Bargellini, Paola Borella, Claudio Cermelli
The tests were conducted on three viruses: Human Coronavirus (HCoV) OC43 (ATCC VR1558), a surrogate of novel SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID 19 pandemic; Human Influenza Virus subtype A/H1N1/WSN/33, kindly provided by Prof. Arcangeletti (University of Parma, Italy); and the Echovirus 7 (ATCC VR37), chosen for its highest persistence in the environment and resistance to physical and chemical treatments (Sofer et al. 2003; Sauerbrei and Wutzler 2009). HCoV-OC43 was grown in HCT-8 line cells, Human Influenza Virus in MDCK cells, and Echovirus 7 in Vero cells. All the cell lines were cultivated in Dulbecco’s Minimum Essential Medium containing 10% (growth medium) or 5% (maintenance medium) fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 U/mL), streptomycin (100 µg/mL), ciprofloxacin (100 µg/mL) and L-glutamine (2 mM). All reagents were purchased from Merck Life Science, Milano, Italy.
Sediment re-suspension as a potential mechanism for viral and bacterial contaminants
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Hannah P. Sassi, Floris van Ogtrop, Christina M. Morrison, Kang Zhou, Jennifer G. Duan, Charles P. Gerba
Sediments in rivers, lakes and marine bodies have been sampled for a wide range of microorganisms, with high variability regularly reported for the same sites or water sources.[29] Presence of FIB and pathogens in sediment could pose a threat to human health if sediments are being re-suspended or direct contact is made to the sediments themselves. Vibrio vulnificus, Salmonella spp., fecal coliforms, shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and non-STEC E. coli have been found in fresh and marine water sand and sediments used for irrigation, estuaries, recreation and other agricultural purposes.[21,22,30–35] Potentially pathogenic human viruses have also been identified through molecular methods in sediments from similar sources.[36–39] While free-floating pathogens are exposed to stressed conditions and unlikely to persist in water, sedimentation and attachment to biofilms extend survival in stressful aquatic environments. In a 1987 study, the survival times for bacteria in sediment were found to correlate with particle size and increased from multiple days to multiple weeks, noting that Escherichia coli and Salmonella Newport survival was greatest in sediments with at least 25% clay.[40] A range of survival times in sediments have been observed and vary with sediment composition and other environmental factors. Van Donsel and Geldreich[28] saw complete inactivation of Salmonella and fecal coliforms after 7 days, while another study found that over 80 days were required for inactivation of fecal coliforms in sediments.[41] Enteric viruses also experience longer survival times when adsorbed to sediment particles.[42] Survival time for poliovirus and echovirus increased from ∼1 day to 6 days when the virus was attached to sediment. The same study observed poliovirus survival in polluted waters to be 1 hour, while in the same source sediment it was increased to over 4 days.[36] Significantly extended survival for echovirus, poliovirus 1, and Coxsackieviruses B9 and A9 has also been observed in sediment of seawater.[43]