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Transcranial Magnetic and Electric Stimulation
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Shoogo Ueno, Masaki Sekino, Tsukasa Shigemitsu
Lim et al. (2014) investigated the effect of LF rTMS on post-stroke dysphagia and compared the results with that of two other protocols. Two other therapies were the conventional dysphagia therapy (CDT) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). 47 patients were randomly assigned to three groups; the mean age of the CDT group was 62.5 ± 8.2 years old, in the rTMS group, the mean age was 59.8 ± 11.8 years old and in the NMES group, the mean age was 66.3 ± 15.4 years old. rTMS was performed at 100% resting motor threshold with 1 Hz for 20 min/session (total 1,200 pulses a day), 5 days/week for 2 weeks. In NMES group, electrical stimulation was applied to the anterior neck for 30 min/session (5 days/week for 2 weeks). Dysphagia may cause serious complications such as aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, malnutrition, even death. The investigators evaluated the functional dysphagia scale (FDS), pharyngeal transit time (PTT), the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS), and the American Speech-Language Hearing Association National Outcomes Measurement System (ASHA NOMS) swallowing scale. The results demonstrated that both rTMS and NMES induced the early recovery of the swallowing function for liquid in stroke patients, but no difference was observed between two methods.
Radiation-induced lung disease
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Max M Weder, M Patricia Rivera
Patients with long-term dysphagia carry a significant risk for aspiration and subsequent lung damage. The type of treatment (radiation alone, surgery alone, chemoradiation, or postoperative radiation) and advanced cancer stage have not been associated with an increased risk of severe dysphagia and aspiration.26 The cough reflex in these patients may often be suppressed, and aspiration therefore may be clinically silent.27 Thus, further diagnostic work-up to assess for aspiration should be considered in all patients with persistent dysphagia.
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Yu Oyama, Walter G. Barr, Richard K. Burt
IBM, which makes up 15-28% of inflammatory myositis, is a recently recognized category. The main population is older males and the disease onset is slower than PM/DM. Muscle weakness can be asymmetric, focal and distal. Quadriceps and forearm flexor muscles are often affected. Falling due to weakness of knee extensors and swallowing dysfunction are typical symptoms. As opposed to other forms of myositis, CPK and other muscle enzymes often demonstrate only minor elevations or are normal. IBM is sometimes associated with other connective tissue diseases and may also be associated with malignancy. Myositis specific autoantibodies (MSA) are detected in some patients. The electromyography (EMG) may demonstrate myopathic, neuropathic or mixed patterns. The diagnosis is made by typical, although not specific, pathologic features including intracellular lined vacuoles, intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and deposits of amyloidogenic proteins in lined vacuoles in addition to the more typical features of myositis. There are two forms of IBM including sporadic and hereditary (familial) forms. The hereditary form usually does not have signs of inflammation on biopsy, whereas the sporadic form does. The natural history of this disease is not well described and the exact morbidity and mortality is unknown. Progressive dysphagia that could lead to aspiration pneumonia and progressive weakness that could lead to nonambulatory status would increase the risk of mortality.32-35 Therapy to IBM is, in general, disappointing. Immunosuppressive therapy is far less effective compared with other inflammatory myopathies. Nonetheless, prednisone, methotrexate and azathioprine may be effective in some patients as part of a strategy to slow the progression of weakness. Placebo controlled trials of IVIG and β-interferon did not show benefit.
Valorisation of vegetable food waste utilising three-dimensional food printing
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2023
Aakanksha Pant, Phoebe Xin Ni Leam, Chee Kai Chua, U-Xuan Tan
3DFP is valuable in providing nutritionally sufficient, safe and visually stimulating food for people who have dysphagia. Dysphagia is a condition in which people experience difficulty in swallowing due to an irregular delay in moving food (Alagiakrishnan, Bhanji, and Kurian 2013). The slow movement of food induces coughing and choking due to the food residue being trapped. This event results in patients suffering from weight loss, dehydration and a lack of nutrition. With 3DFP, pureed food which is recommended for dysphagia patients can be created aesthetically. This can prevent malnutrition and dehydration (Lee, Pant, et al. 2021). Further customisation of the food can be done by adjusting the textural properties of the food (Tokifuji et al. 2013; Yoshioka et al. 2016) or by adjusting the viscoelastic characteristics of the fluids for better adoption (Kouzani et al. 2017; Tan et al. 2018).
Estimation of the Torques Produced by Human Upper Limb during Eating Activities Using NARX-NN
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Zakia Hussain, Norsinnira Zainul Azlan
Dysphagia and other eating complications are common among post-stroke patients, leading to complications, such as malnutrition, dehydration, suffocation, and eventually death (Jacobsson et al. 2000; Westergren 2006; Westergren, Hallberg, and Ohlsson 1999; Westergren et al. 2002). Albert Westergren et al. (2008,) in their research conducted in an urban hospital in Sweden, considered 162 stroke patients over one year and found that eating difficulties were found in 80%, while 52.5% of patients could not eat without any assistance. The most prominent eating difficulties encountered in the total sample included: ‘eats three-quarters or less of served food’ (60.1%), ‘manipulating food on the plate’ (56.2%), and ‘transport of food to the mouth’ (46.4%).