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Visual Inspection of Tissues with Certain Endoscopes and Other Optical Devices
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
One of the visible signs of ARMD is the presence of drusen in the retina. According to Cavallerano et al. (1994): Drusen are yellow to yellowish white nodular deposits found in the deeper layers of the retina. Along with pigmentary abnormalities, drusen are often the earliest ophthalmoscopic signs of aging in the retina. Visual acuity may be normal at this stage. Drusen alone are not enough to satisfy the definition of ARMD when vision is normal. Several types of drusen have been described. The lesions are categorized by size, confluence, uniformity and sharpness of borders. Some form of drusen are found in the macular area in 50%–95% of persons over age 70. Among persons with drusen, 10%–15% may eventually develop exudative manifestations of ARMD.
Pomegranate juice supports therapeutic –treatment of atorvastatin against maternal hypercholesterolemia induced retinopathy of rat offspring
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Hassan IH EL-Sayyad, Hebattallah A Abd El-Gallil, Heba A El-Ghawet
Consumption of processed high fat food stuffs led to increased blood low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and cholesterol levels contributed to the induction of cardiovascular diseases [1,2], reaching 34 million patients in the United States. The glial cells are the elementary components of the retina involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. However, increased blood levels of cholesteryl esters was associated with retinal accumulation of astrogliosis and drusen-debris in rabbit model of hypercholesterolemia [3], disrupted synaptic structures [4], increased thrombosis of cerebral fine blood vessels [5] and development of age-related macular degeneration [6] particularly in the outer segment associated with deposition of soft and hard drusen [7]. Patients with type 2 diabetes developed atherosclerosis [8] and thickening of the retinal arterial wall [9].
Detection of macular diseases in optical coherence tomography image
Published in International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, 2020
Xiaoming Liu, Zhou Yang, Wei Hu, Jun Liu, Kai Zhang
Many macular diseases can lead to vision decreasing or blindness such as macular edema, macular hole and age-related macular degeneration (shown in Figure 2). Macular edema [3] occurs when fluid and protein deposit on the macular and cause retina to thicken or swell. It can be classified into cystoid macular edema involving fluid accumulation in the outer plexiform layer, and diabetic macular edema caused by leaking macular capillaries. Macular hole [4] is a small break in the macular. The vitreous is a jelly-like substance in the eye, and it is usually adherent to retina. Along with the growth of age, vitreous get watery and begin to separate from the retinal surface. The higher the degree of attachment between vitreous and retina, the more likely macular hole is developed. Age-related macular degeneration [5] typically occurs in older people where the severity is divided into early, intermediate and late types. Drusen, which appear as a bulge, is an important clinical indicator for this disease, and it occurs at the neighbourhood of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).